5.2. Effects of Online versus In-Person Doctor Consultations 18
5.3. Doctor Productivity and the Sorting of Doctors to Online Consultations 22
5.4. Cost Analysis 23
5.5. Generalizability of Our Findings 24
5.6. Patient Heterogeneity 25
6. Conclusion 27
References 29
Online Appendix 42
A. Appendix Tables 42
B. Appendix Figures 59
C. Data Appendix 61
Appendix References 71
Tables
Table 1. Summary Statistics for Key Variables in the Doctor Sample 33
Table 2. Online's Effect on Timing and Duration of Doctor Consultations 34
Table 3. Online's Effect on Within-Consultation Outcomes 35
Table 4. Online's Effect on Patient Outcomes Within 30 Days After the Doctor Consultation 36
Table 5. Doctor Consultations per Hour in Online and In-Person Doctor Shifts 37
Table 6. Costs of Online and In-Person Consultations for Providers and Patients 38
Table 7. Patient Views on Whether Online Consultation Was a Replacement to In Person 39
Figures
Figure 1. Assignment of Registered Patients to Online versus In-Person Consultations 40
Figure 2. Patient Outcomes During the Weeks Before and After the Nurse Meeting 41
Appendix Tables
Table A1. Sample Restrictions 42
Table A2. Variable Descriptions 43
Table A3. First Stage 46
Table A4. Instrument Independence 47
Table A5. Average Exclusion 47
Table A6. Average Monotonicity 48
Table A7. Nurse Mistake Share Uncorrelated With Instrument 49
Table A8. Probability of Patient Answering the Satisfaction Survey 49
Table A9. Online's Effect on Patient Outcomes Within 30 Days After the Nurse Meeting 50
Table A10. Online's Effect on Primary Care Use Within 30 Days of the Doctor Consultation 51
Table A11. Online's Effect on Medium-Term Outcomes 52
Table A12. Sources for Provider Cost 53
Table A13. Patient Representativeness of the Swedish Population 53
Table A14. Comparison of Doctor Sample Patients to Those in a Wider Sample of PCP Consultations 54
Table A15. IV Complier Characteristics 55
Table A16. Comparison of Patients Directed to Online Consultations (in Doctor Sample) to Sample of Registered Patients Who Consulted Online Doctors... 56
Table A17. Test of Strict Monotonicity and Strict Exclusion for Different Outcomes 57
Table A18. Outcomes for More Vulnerable Patients (With at Least One ED or Hospital Visit from Three Years to 30 Days Prior to Nurse Visit) 57
Table A19. Outcomes for Less Vulnerable Patients (With no ED and no Hospital Visit from Three Years to 30 Days Prior to Nurse Visit) 58
Table A20. Breakdown of Costs for Providers and Patients by Patient Vulnerability 58