Title page
Contents
Abstract 3
1. Introduction 4
2. Data and Stylized Facts 7
3. Empirical Strategy 14
3.1. Specification Issues 14
3.2. IV Strategy 15
3.3. First-Stage Regressions 16
3.4. Discussion 18
4. Results 21
4.1. Effects on Immigration 21
4.2. Effects on Emigration 23
4.3. Robustness: Alternative Dependent Variables 23
4.4. Mechanisms: attitudes, leadership and policies 28
4.5. Heterogeneity Across Sub-Samples 31
5. Conclusions 32
References 33
Appendix 38
A. Right-Wing Populism Before WW2 38
B. Applying the IV Approach to Total Populism 40
C. Parallel Pre-Trend Tests 41
D. Results of PPML Regressions 41
E. Right-Wing Populism and Total Migration Flows 43
F. Construction of the Migration Policy Variable 44
G. Left-Wing Populism and Migration Flows 45
TablesTable 1. Association Between the Mean Margin of Right-Wing Populism and Other Variables in the Full Sample 13
Table 2. First-Stage Regressions for RWPIndexi,t 17
Table 3. First-Stage Regressions for RWPVotesi,t 18
Table 4. Party-Level Responses to Inflation Crises 20
Table 5. IV Regressions with Various Crisis Definitions, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Immigration Flows 22
Table 6. IV Regressions with Various Crisis Definitions, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Emigration Flows 24
Table 7. IV Regressions with Alternative Migration Data Sources, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Immigration Flows 25
Table 8. IV Regressions with Alternative Migration Data Sources, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Emigration Flows 27
Table 9. IV Regressions with Skill-Content Corridor Dummies, Dependent = Annual Total Migration Flows 28
Table 10. IV Regressions with Additional Proxies for RWP, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Immigration Flows 29
Table 11. IV Regressions with Additional Proxies for RWP, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Emigration Flows 30
Table 12. IV Regressions After Excluding Countries, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Migration Flows 32
Figures
Figure 1. Countries Available in MPD Data 8
Figure 2. Mean Margin of Right-Wing Populism - Sample Average 1960-2015 10
Figure 3. Alternative Measures of Right-Wing Populism - Sample Average 1960-2015 11
Figure 4. Right-Wing Populism and Variations in Migration Policy Restrictiveness 12
Appendix TablesTable A.1. Extreme-Right and Nationalist Parties in 1900-1950 39
Table B.1. First-Stage Regressions for TPIndexi,t (Centrist, Left- and Right-Wing) 40
Table C.1. PPML Regressions with the instrument 41
Table D.1. PPML Regressions with Various Crisis Definitions, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Immigration Flows 42
Table D.2. PPML Regressions with Various Crisis Definitions, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Emigration Flows 43
Table E.1. Robustness to Migration Data Source, Dependent = Total Immigration Flow 44
Table E.2. Robustness to Migration Data Source, Dependent = Total Emigration Flow 44
Table F.1. Correlates of the Changes in Migration Policy, Dependent = Variation in Restrictiveness (△ PolSi,t) 45
Table G.1. PPML Regressions with Various Crisis Definitions, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Immigration Flows - Left-Wing populism 46
Table G.2. PPML Regressions with Various Crisis Definitions, Dependent = Annual Skill-Specific Emigration Flows - Left-Wing populism 47