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Title page

Contents

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 5

2. Real World and Academic Developments in Gender Inequality 9

3. Women's Labor Supply and the Gender Gap 15

3.1. The Labor Supply of the Secondary Earner 16

3.1.1. Modeling Gender Norms and Beliefs 19

4. Evolving Perspectives on Gender Inequality 20

4.1. Preferences, Traits, and Constraints 21

4.2. Career-Family Trade-offs 24

5. The Anatomy of the Career Costs of Motherhood 30

5.1. Gender Biology and Productivity 30

5.2. Differential Job Sorting and the Organization of Work 31

5.3. Monopsonistic Labor Markets 35

6. The Role of Identity and Norms in Understanding Gender Inequalities 38

6.1. Relevance for Labor Supply and Household Specialization 38

6.2. Stereotypes, Beliefs, and Discrimination 41

6.3. What Drives Gender Norms and How Malleable are They? 44

6.3.1. Historical Origins and Persistence 45

6.3.2. Cultural Change and Learning 46

6.3.3. Transmission Channels 48

6.3.4. Information Gaps 49

7. Conclusion 51

References 54

A. Appendix: Gender in Economic Journals 65

Tables

Table 1. Summary of Different Phases in Research on Gender 14

Figures

Figure 1. Gender vs. Race Papers in Top 30 Economics Journals 6

Figure 2. Evolution of Topics Among Gender Papers 7

Figure 3. Gender Gap in Earnings: Role of Participation, Hours, and Wage Rates 11

Figure 4. Decomposition of Gender Log Wage Gap Over Time 13

Figure 5. The Labor Supply Decisions of Married Women 18

Appendix Tables

Table A.1. List of Top 30 Economics Journals 66

Table A.2. Keywords Used to Identify Topics Among Gender Papers 67

Appendix Figures

Figure A.1. Gender vs. Race Papers in Top 21 Economics Journals Available in EBSCO 65

초록보기

This chapter traces the evolution of the study of gender in the labor market, focusing on how academic thinking on this topic has evolved alongside real-world developments in gender inequality from the 1980s to the present. We present a simple model of female labor supply to illustrate how various forces discussed in the literature (e.g., productivity differentials, unequal gender roles, wage markdowns) affect the gender earnings gap. A major development in the literature is a clearer distinction between intrinsic differences in preferences and skills between men and women versus differential constraints in driving gender gaps. We discuss insights from research on the relative importance of these explanations, and the implications for economic efficiency. We highlight that much of the literature today emphasizes the relevance of gendered constraints, where women and men typically face differential trade-offs between family and career, with implications for job sorting, job search, and earnings. These constraints have their roots in gender roles within the household that are shaped by wider societal norms. We review recent research that establishes the relevance of identity and norms for understanding gender inequalities in the labor market, both on the supply-side and on the demand-side, as well as what drives the formation and evolution of these norms. Finally, we conclude with suggestions for future research.

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