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Title page

Contents

Highlights 2

Letter 5

Background 8

FEMA Assistance for Wildfires 8

Other Federal Agencies' Responsibilities for Wildfires 15

FEMA Provided Over $3.8 Billion in Wildfire Assistance from Fiscal Years 2019 through 2023 15

FEMA Has Not Fully Addressed the Challenges Communities Face in Obtaining Wildfire Assistance 29

FEMA Has Taken Some Steps to Address Long-Standing Challenges Providing Wildfire Assistance 30

Some of FEMA's Current Processes Hinder Post-Wildfire Mitigation Efforts 38

Opportunities Exist to Further Enhance FEMA's Management of the FMAG Program 47

Conclusions 54

Recommendations for Executive Action 55

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 56

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 61

Appendix II: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security 65

Appendix III: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 70

Tables

Table 1. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Assistance Available under Major Disaster Declarations 11

Table 2. Number of Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG) Declarations and Amounts Obligated by Declaration Fiscal Year 21

Table 3. FEMA Individual Assistance Component Program Expenditures for Wildfire Disasters Declared Fiscal Years 2019-2023 23

Table 4. FEMA Individual Assistance Component Program Obligations for Wildfire Disasters Declared Fiscal Years 2019-2023 24

Table 5. Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and HMGP Post-Fire Wildfire-related Projects and Obligations, by Declaration Fiscal Year 26

Table 6. Number of Projects and Amounts Obligated to Wildfire-related Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities Projects, by Funding Cycle Fiscal Year 28

Figures

Figure 1. Characteristics of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Wildfire Declaration Types 9

Figure 2. Example of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Assistance for Wildfires Life Cycle 13

Figure 3. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Financial Assistance for Wildfires, Fiscal Years 2019-2023 17

Figure 4. Public Assistance Obligations by Project Category for Wildfire Major Disasters, Fiscal Years 2019-2023 19

Figure 5. Town of Malden, WA used Public Assistance Grants for Town Facilities, September 2023 20

Figure 6. Number of Fire Management Assistance Grant Declarations by State, Fiscal Years 2019-2023 22

Figure 7. Wildfire Mitigation in Action: Four Counties Map Coal Seam Fires in Eastern Montana 27

Figure 8. Wildfire Debris Removal in Lahaina, Hawaii 35

Figure 9. Example of How Wildfires Can Affect Landscapes 39

Figure 10. Process for Implementing the National Environmental Policy Act's (NEPA) Requirements 43

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