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Title page

Contents

Introduction 7

1. Sources of the UK's constitution 9

1.1. Statute 9

1.2. Royal prerogative 13

1.3. Constitutional conventions 16

1.4. Case law 18

1.5. Authoritative works 20

1.6. Attempts to codify the UK constitution 20

2. The territorial constitution 22

2.1. Legal basis of the United Kingdom 22

England and Wales 22

England and Scotland 22

Great Britain and Ireland 23

Great Britain and Northern Ireland 24

2.2. Statutory basis of devolution 26

2.3. Secession from the Union(s) 45

2.4. Intergovernmental relations 47

2.5. British citizenship 48

2.6. National Anthem, flags and seals 51

3. The Crown 55

3.1. Official duties 55

3.2. Style and titles 57

3.3. The Royal Household 60

3.4. Statutory limitations on the Crown 62

3.5. Succession to the Crown 63

3.6. Regency and Counsellors of State 68

3.7. The Crown and the police 69

3.8. The Crown and the Armed Forces 70

3.9. Crown conventions 72

3.10. Finances of the monarchy 73

3.11. Royal residences 74

3.12. Royal Arms 75

4. Parliament 77

4.1. Powers of Parliament 78

4.2. Dissolution and summons 79

4.3. Prorogation 81

4.4. State Opening of Parliament 82

4.5. House of Commons 83

4.6. House of Lords 94

4.7. Parliamentary Oath 100

4.8. Relationship between two Houses 102

4.9. Primary legislation 103

4.10. Treaties 108

4.11. Finance 109

4.12. Crown and Parliament 111

5. Central government 114

5.1. Government formation (and collapse) 114

5.2. The Prime Minister 115

5.3. Ministers of the Crown 122

5.4. Parliament and the government 133

5.5. The Cabinet 135

5.6. The Privy Council 138

5.7. The Civil Service 141

5.8. His Majesty's Opposition 145

6. Local government 147

6.1. England 148

6.2. Wales 153

6.3. Scotland 156

6.4. Northern Ireland 159

6.5. Greater London Authority/London Assembly 162

6.6. Combined Authorities 162

6.7. Police and Crime Commissioners 163

6.8. Wednesbury principle 164

7. Church and State 165

7.1. England 165

7.2. Scotland 177

8. Courts and Human Rights 181

8.1. Independence of the judiciary 182

8.2. United Kingdom Supreme Court 184

8.3. England and Wales 190

8.4. Scotland 200

8.5. Northern Ireland 210

8.6. Prerogative of mercy 217

8.7. The European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act 1998 217

8.8. Conventions 220

9. The Commonwealth, Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies 223

9.1. The Commonwealth 223

9.2. Overseas Territories 227

9.3. Crown Dependencies 230

Tables

Table 1. Ministerial appointments 125

Table 2. Commonwealth Realm constitutions and the Governor-General 225

Table 3. Overseas Territories constitutions 228