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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 6

Background 9

TANF Legislation and Funds 9

TANF Expenditures 10

Federal and State Oversight of TANF 12

Prior and Ongoing GAO Reviews of TANF 13

Selected States Use TANF Non-assistance Funds with Other Funds to Provide a Range of Job Readiness Services, Child Care, and Varied Other Supports 14

Selected States Varied in How They Allocated Funds and Provided Services Based on Their Priorities and the Needs of Their Target Populations 14

States Often Combine TANF Non-assistance Funds with Other Federal and State Funding Sources to Provide Services to Low-Income Participants, According... 18

Service Providers and State Agencies in Selected States Collect and Use Data on Those Served with Non-assistance Funds, but Not All Data Are Federally Reported 21

Service Providers in Selected States Generally Collect Demographic, Participation, and Outcome Data on Participants 21

Data Are Used to Determine Eligibility, Monitor Performance, and Adjust Service Delivery 24

Some Non-assistance Data Are Reported to State and Federal Agencies, but Disaggregating Outcome Data Can Be Difficult 26

Selected States Reported Challenges Using TANF Non-assistance Data and Said HHS Could Facilitate More Information Sharing Among States 30

Officials in Six Selected States Described Challenges Using Data That Sometimes Hindered Their Ability to Assess Participant Outcomes 30

HHS's Initiatives to Improve TANF Data Focus on Assistance Data 32

Officials in Selected States Said They Would Benefit from Sharing Promising Practices on Using TANF Non-assistance Data 33

Conclusions 34

Recommendation for Executive Action 35

Agency Comments 35

Appendix I: Comments from the Department of Health and Human Services 36

Appendix II: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 38

Tables 3

Table 1. Examples of Demographic, Participation, and Outcome Data Collected on Specific Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Non-assistance-funded Services 22

Table 2. Examples of Challenges Using Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Non-assistance Data Identified by Selected State Officials 31

Figures 3

Figure 1. Example of How Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Non-assistance Funds Flow from the Federal Government to State and Local Entities... 12

Figure 2. A Hope Works Center in New Mexico, Funded by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Non-assistance and State Funds, Seeks to Help Participants... 17

Figure 3. The Springfield Urban League Uses Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Non-assistance Funds to Provide Job Training and High School Certification 18

Figure 4. Example of How Federal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Non-assistance Funds Can Be Combined with Federal Workforce Innovation... 19

Figure 5. Example of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Non-assistance Data Reporting to the State and Federal Levels 27

Figure 6. Example of Data Reporting When Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Non-assistance Funds are Combined with Workforce Innovation... 28