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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 2

Non-Technical Summary 3

1. Introduction 5

2. Theory and Models 6

2.1. The Diffusion of Climate Policies and Technologies 6

2.2. The Appropriate Diffusion Model 7

2.3. The Connection to the Green Transition 8

2.4. The Interplay with Institutions and Governance 9

3. Data 9

3.1. Sources, Sample and Countries 9

3.2. Climate Change Policies and Technologies 10

3.3. Institutions and Governance 13

3.4. Control Variables 15

4. Methodology 16

5. Results 19

5.1. Specific Climate Change Policies and Technologies (CCPTs) 19

5.2. CCPs as captured by the EPS 24

5.3. The relationships of CCTPs to the EPS 25

5.4. The role of different aspects of institutions and governance 27

6. Conclusions 29

References 30

Appendix 34

A. Countries and Country Groupings 34

B. Data Description and Sources 35

C. Results for other institutions and governance variables 38

Acknowledgements 43

Tables 11

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of variables capturing CCPTs 11

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of institutional variables 15

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of control variables 16

Table 4. CCATs (patents, environmentally-related technologies) 20

Table 5. CCMTs (patents, climate-change technologies) 21

Table 6. CCAPs (CO₂ emissions) 22

Table 7. CCMPs (environmentally-related taxes) 23

Table 8. CCPs (EPS) 25

Table 9. Correlations of CCTPs with EPS 26

Table 10. Effect of EPS on other variables 26

Table 11. Aspects of institutions and governance 28

Figures 12

Figure 1. The diffusion of Climate Change Technologies and Policies 12

Figure 2. Worldwide Governance Indicators and the summary measures 14

Figure 3. Diffusion of CCPs 17

Appendix Tables 34

Table A.1. Countries and Country Groupings 34

Table B.1. Variables 35

Table C.1. CCATs (patents, environmentally-related technologies) 38

Table C.2. CCMTs (patents, climate change technologies) 39

Table C.3. CCAPs (CO₂ emissions per capita) 40

Table C.4. CCMPs (environmentally-related taxes) 41

Table C.5. EPS (Environmental Policy Stringency Index) 42

Appendix Figures 36

Figure B.1. Diffusion of CCTPs 36

초록보기

Climate change is a global-scale structural change, affecting economies across the world, alongside global fragmentation, digitalisation and demographics. This paper analyses the diffusion of climate policies and technologies and the role of institutions and governance in that process. It discusses theory, models and data available to date, and the empirical evidence for the 20 European Union and all 40 countries covered by the OECD’s Environmental Policy Stringency index. The results indicate that institutions and governance have significant effects towards a greater speed and spread of diffusion of climate policies and technologies, and that separating the speed and spread effects is essential for assessing the green transition.

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