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Title page 1

Contents 2

Introduction 3

Background to the brief 3

Definitions of equity and inclusion at international level 3

Limitations of the OECD Education Equity Dashboard 4

Analysis of Dutch equity performance in and through education 4

Selected educational inputs 5

Outcomes in early childhood education and care 11

Outcomes in primary education 12

Outcomes in secondary education 14

Outcomes in tertiary education 26

Outcomes through education 29

Key strengths, challenges and policy pointers 32

Key strengths of the Dutch education system identified in this policy brief 32

Key challenges identified in this policy brief and policy pointers 33

References 38

Figures 2

Figure 1. Lack of digital resources in schools (2022) 6

Figure 2. Preparedness for digital learning (2022) 8

Figure 3. Shortage of education staff (2022) 10

Figure 4. Enrolment rate of 3-5 year-olds in ECEC and primary education (2022) 11

Figure 5. Mathematics and reading achievement by school socio-economic background 13

Figure 6. Mathematics achievement by student immigrant background (2019) 14

Figure 7. Mathematics and reading performance by national quarter of socio-economic status (2022) 17

Figure 8. Immigrant gaps in mathematics and reading performance (2022) 19

Figure 9. Share of students enrolled in upper secondary education by programme orientation (2022) 20

Figure 10. Share of female graduates in STEM, Education, Health and welfare fields in upper secondary vocational education (2022) 21

Figure 11. Sense of belonging (2022) 23

Figure 12. Teacher support in mathematics lessons (2022) 25

Figure 13. Family support (2022) 26

Figure 14. Enrolment rates of 20-24 year-olds in tertiary education (2022) 27

Figure 15. Share of female graduates in STEM, Education, Health and welfare fields in tertiary education (2022) 28

Figure 16. Completion rates of full-time STEM bachelor's students by the end of theoretical duration of their programme plus three years, by gender (2020) 29

Figure 17. Employment rates of 25-64 year-olds by educational attainment and gender gaps in employment rates (2023) 31

Boxes 2

Box 1. Improving the appeal of the teaching profession in the Flemish Community of Belgium 34

Box 2. Initiatives to attract female students to STEM 35

Box 3. Language support for newcomer students 36

Box 4. Access and Inclusion Model in Ireland 36

Box 5. National Plan for Housing in Higher Education in Portugal 37