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Title page 1

Contents 3

Acknowledgements 2

Foreword 5

Executive summary 7

RESEARCH PROBLEM 8

METHODOLOGY 8

FINDINGS 8

CONVERGENCE 10

RECOMMENDATIONS 10

Introduction 13

METHODOLOGY 15

Findings: Types of nature crime 17

ILLEGAL GOLD MINING 18

ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED, AND UNREGULATED FISHING AND FISHERIES-RELATED CRIME 21

WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING 28

ILLEGAL LOGGING 33

ILLEGAL LAND ACQUISITION AND DEFORESTATION FOR AGRICULTURE 38

Convergence: Financial crime, corruption, and human rights violations 45

GAMING THE SYSTEM: FINANCIAL CRIME 46

ABUSING POWER FOR PLUNDER: CORRUPTION AND NATURE CRIME 49

PROFIT OVER PEOPLE: HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES AND NATURE CRIME 51

Recommendations: Strategies for combating nature crime 55

INFLUENCING WHAT WE CANNOT CONTROL 56

STRENGTHENING LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS 57

COMBATING FINANCIAL CRIME LINKED TO NATURE CRIME 58

EMPOWERING AND MOBILIZING CIVIL SOCIETY FOR MULTISTAKEHOLDER SOLUTIONS 60

DEPLOYING INNOVATIVE TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES 63

Abbreviations 66

Endnotes 67

References 68

About WRI 83

Figures 20

FIGURE 1. Typology of illegal gold mining in Colombia 20

FIGURE 2. Overlap between IUU fishing, fishery-related crimes, and crimes associated with the fisheries sector 22

FIGURE 3. A snapshot of Ecuador's shark fin trade 25

FIGURE 4. Network of illegal trade in protected or namental orchids harvested in Southeast Asia 29

FIGURE 5. A generic representation of the forestry sector and its constituent chains 35

FIGURE 6. Ten ways to conduct illegal logging 36

FIGURE 7. Map of transnational land acquisitions 39

FIGURE 8. Case locations by country and grabbing types 41

FIGURE 9. Cumulative known killings of environmental and human rights defenders, 2012-23, by country 52

Boxes 19

BOX 1. Why gold? 19

BOX 2. The pernicious effects of mercury in gold mining and the Minimata Convention 21

BOX 3. Defining illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing 23

BOX 4. Corruption and illegal fishing in the Cook Islands 27

BOX 5. The illegal trade in cheetahs and the failure of governments to control it through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 32

BOX 6. If logging is legal, does that mean it is sustainable? 34

BOX 7. The impact of illegal logging on the monarch butterfly 37

BOX 8. Land grabbing in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest: Corruption, violence, and impunity 43

BOX 9. Correlation between a major financial crime investigation and the deforestation rate in Papua New Guinea 47

BOX 10. Distinctive elements of the wildlife trafficking/financial crime nexus 48

BOX 11. Core elements of environmental rule of law 59

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