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Title page 1

Contents 3

SUMMARY 2

INTRODUCTION 5

1. THE DNA AND EVOLUTION OF CYBERSPACE, AND THE DAWN OF DPI 6

2. WHAT THE DPI IS AND WHY IT MATTERS 9

3. INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES ON DPI 12

3.1. INDIASTACK: THE QUINTESSENTIAL DPI? 15

3.2. BRAZIL'S PIX: A REVOLUTION IN DIGITAL PAYMENTS 17

3.3. A FORK IN THE ROAD TO DPI? EMERGING ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR ROLLOUT 18

3.3.1. Decentralised models 19

3.3.2. Centralised models 20

3.3.3. Hybrid Models 21

4. THE DPI LANDSCAPE IN EUROPE: EXPLORING PIONEERING INITIATIVES 24

4.1. ESTONIA'S X-ROAD: THE BLUEPRINT FOR DPIS 24

4.2. GERMANY'S DIGITAL STRATEGY 2025 AND THE SOVEREIGN TECH FUND 27

4.3. THE NETHERLANDS 30

4.4. ITALY'S JOURNEY TO DIGITAL GOVERNMENT 34

4.5. UKRAINE'S DPI 38

4.6. A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF SELECTED NATIONAL DPI INITIATIVES 41

5. THE EU DPI: A BRICK IN THE EUROSTACK WALL 44

5.1. MODERNISING AND CONNECTING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A LONG AND WINDING ROAD FROM CROSS-BORDER TO BORDERLESS PUBLIC SERVICES 45

5.2. THE DIGITAL IDENTITY AND PAYMENTS LAYER: TOWARDS THE EUROPEAN WALLET 50

5.3. DATA GOVERNANCE AND DATA SPACES 54

5.4. THE FEDERATED CLOUD ARCHITECTURE: A DEAD END OR A CONCRETE PLAN? 56

5.5. HOW OTHER EU DIGITAL LEGISLATION FACILITATES THE EMERGENCE OF DPI 58

CONCLUSION: A DECALOGUE TO BUILD A FULL-SCALE EUROPEAN DPI 60

Tables 4

Table 1. The DPI and the SDGs: a non-exhaustive list of interrelations 13

Table 2. Comparison of different aspects of decentralised and open-source vs centralised and proprietary models 22

Table 3. Estonia: selected DPI initiatives 25

Table 4. Germany: selected DPI initiatives 28

Table 5. Germany's Sovereign Tech Fund: main areas of work 30

Table 6. The Netherlands: selected DPI initiatives 31

Table 7. Smart City DPI initiatives in the Netherlands 33

Table 8. Italy: selected DPI initiatives 35

Table 9. Areas of activity of the Italian OSPO 38

Table 10. Ukraine: selected DPI initiatives 39

Table 11. Comparative overview of national DPI initiatives 42

Table 12. Consortia currently piloting the EUDI Wallet 52

Figures 4

Figure 1. The original layered internet architecture and DPI layers 9

Figure 2. The IndiaStack: main layers and solutions 16

Figure 3. Schematic structure of X-Road 27

Figure 4. High-level architecture of e-Gov in Ukraine 41

Figure 5. Conceptual model of the European Interoperability Framework 46

Figure 6. European Digital Identity architecture and reference framework 51

Figure 7. Gaia-X infrastructure and data ecosystem 58

Figure 8. The European DPI in the new digital technology stack 63

Boxes 4

Box 1. The European Digital Infrastructure Consortium and ComPAct: a new focus on public administration 48

Box 2. The EU Digital COVID Certificate: a game changer for the data exchange layer 55

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