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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 3

I. Conceptual Framework: Shaping Student Behavior in Schools 7

II. Policy Setting: Chicago Public Schools 9

II.A. Rollout of Restorative Practices Programs at CPS 10

III. Data Sources and Sample 11

III.A. Study Sample 12

IV. Empirical Strategy 13

IV.A. Value-Added Approach 16

V. Main Results 17

VI. Mechanisms: Disruption Effects 23

VII. Treatment Effect Heterogeneity 25

VIII. Conclusion 27

References 29

Appendices 44

A. Appendix Figures 44

B. Appendix Tables 76

C. Data Appendix 109

Tables 37

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics: Chicago Public Schools High School Students 37

Table 2. High School Restorative Practices: In-School Behavioral Outcomes 38

Table 3. High School Restorative Practices: Policing Outcomes 39

Table 4. High School Restorative Practices: School Climate and Learning Outcomes 40

Table 5. Elementary School Restorative Practices: In-School Behavioral, Learning, and Policing Outcomes 41

Table 6. High School Restorative Practices: Treatment Heterogeneity by Predicted Peer Group Suspension Days 42

Table 7. High School Restorative Practices: Race-by-Gender Treatment Heterogeneity 43

Figures 34

Figure 1. High School Event Studies: Behavioral Outcomes 34

Figure 2. High School Event Studies: School Climate and Learning 35

Figure 3. High School Event Studies: Policing Outcomes 36

Appendix Tables 76

Table A1. Number of High Schools by Initial Restorative Practices Program Type 76

Table A2. High School Student Baseline Characteristics by English Language Learner Status, Grade Level, and Disability Status 77

Table A3. High School Student Baseline Characteristics by Race and Gender 78

Table A4. Baseline Characteristics: Chicago Public Schools Elementary School Students 79

Table A5. High School Restorative Practices: Alternative Out-of-School Arrest Outcomes 80

Table A6. High School Student Perception Survey ("My Voice, My School") Constructs 81

Table A7. Robustness: Behavioral Outcomes (High School) 82

Table A8. Robustness: School Climate and Learning (High School) 83

Table A9. High School Restorative Practices: In-School Behavioral Outcomes (No Controls) 84

Table A10. High School Restorative Practices: Policing Outcomes (No Controls) 85

Table A11. High School Restorative Practices: School Climate and Learning Outcomes (No Controls) 86

Table A12. Elementary School Restorative Practices: In-School Behavioral, Learning, and Policing Outcomes (No Controls) 87

Table A13. High School Restorative Practices: Treatment Heterogeneity by Predicted Peer Group Suspension Days (No Controls) 88

Table A14. High School Restorative Practices: Race-by-Gender Treatment Heterogeneity (No Controls) 89

Table A15. Synthetic Difference-in-Differences Estimates: Behavioral Outcomes 90

Table A16. Synthetic Difference-in-Differences Estimates: School Climate and Learning 91

Table A17. Student Characteristics as Outcomes (High School) 92

Table A18. Controls for Lagged Outcomes (High School) 93

Table A19. High School-by-Cohort Grouping Models 94

Table A20. Elementary School Restorative Practices: Additional In-School Behavioral, School Climate and Policing Outcomes 95

Table A21. Elementary School Restorative Practices: Alternative Out-of-School Arrest Outcomes 96

Table A22. High School Baseline Outcomes by Predicted Out-of-School Suspension Days Cell (Below- vs. Above-Median) 97

Table A23. Within-school, Cross-group Outcome Gaps 98

Table A24. High School Restorative Practices: Behavioral and Policing Outcomes by English Learner Status 99

Table A25. High School Restorative Practices: School Climate and Learning Outcomes by English Learner Status 100

Table A26. High School Restorative Practices: Behavioral and Policing Outcomes by Grade Levels 101

Table A27. High School Restorative Practices: School Climate and Learning Outcomes by Grade Levels 102

Table A28. High School Restorative Practices: Behavioral and Policing Outcomes by Disability Status 103

Table A29. High School Restorative Practices: School Climate and Learning Outcomes by Disability Status 104

Table A30. High School Behavioral and Policing Outcomes by Implementation Type 105

Table A31. High School Climate and Learning Outcomes by Implementation Type 106

Table A32. Heterogeneity by Culture of Calm (CoC): Behavioral Outcomes 107

Table A33. Heterogeneity by Culture of Calm (CoC): School Climate and Learning 108

Appendix Figures 44

Figure A1. High School Event Studies: Binary Policing Outcomes 44

Figure A2. High School Event Studies: Binary Suspension Outcomes 45

Figure A3. High School Event Studies Excluding Controls: Behavioral Outcomes 46

Figure A4. High School Event Studies Excluding Controls: School Climate and Learning 47

Figure A5. High School Event Studies Excluding Controls: Policing Outcomes 48

Figure A6. High School Event Studies Excluding Controls: Binary Policing Outcomes 49

Figure A7. High School Event Studies Excluding Controls: Binary Suspension Outcomes 50

Figure A8. Elementary School Event Studies: Behavioral Outcomes 51

Figure A9. Elementary School Event Studies: School Climate and Learning 52

Figure A10. Elementary School Event Studies: Policing Outcomes 53

Figure A11. Elementary School Event Studies: Binary Policing Outcomes 54

Figure A12. Elementary School Event Studies Excluding Controls: Behavioral Outcomes 55

Figure A13. Elementary School Event Studies Excluding Controls: School Climate and Learning 56

Figure A14. High School Event Studies: Alternative Out-of-School Arrest Outcomes 57

Figure A15. High School Student Perception Survey ("My Voice, My School") Constructs: School Climate Components (Std.) 58

Figure A16. High School Event Studies Using a Standard Difference-in-Differences (Two-Way Fixed Effects) Design: Behavioral and Policing Outcomes 59

Figure A17. High School Event Studies Using a Standard Difference-in-Differences (Two-Way Fixed Effects) Design: School Climate and Learning 60

Figure A18. Synthetic Difference-in-Differences: Behavioral Outcomes 61

Figure A19. Synthetic Difference-in-Differences: School Climate and Learning 62

Figure A20. High School Event Studies: Enrollment 63

Figure A21. High School Event Studies: Characteristics as Outcomes 64

Figure A22. High School: Attrition Analysis 65

Figure A23. Elementary School Event Studies: Alternative Out-of-School Arrest Outcomes 66

Figure A24. High School OSS Event Studies: Above- and Below-Median Predicted OSS 67

Figure A25. High School Event Studies for Learning Outcomes: Low Suspension Propensity Students 68

Figure A26. High School Event Studies: Black Males 69

Figure A27. High School Event Studies: Black Females 70

Figure A28. High School Event Studies: Latine Males 71

Figure A29. High School Event Studies: Latine Females 72

Figure A30. High School Event Studies: White Males 73

Figure A31. High School Event Studies: White Females 74

Figure A32. Culture of Calm (CoC) Event Studies: OSS and Arrests 75

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