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22대 대한민국 국회 국회정보길라잡이 국회의원검색
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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 2

Acknowledgments 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Malaysia's Economic Success: Miracle versus Paradox 10

3. Focus Group Analysis 23

3a. Methodology 23

3b. Findings: Qualitative Account of the Malaysian Miracle 26

3c. The Downside of Progress 29

4. Discussion 40

4a. Relative versus Absolute Income 44

5. Conclusion - Polanyi and/or Hirsch? 49

References 53

Appendix 59

Appendix Data Note A 59

Appendix Note B: Revisiting the dissonance between incomes and prices 62

Tables 19

Table 1. Decomposition of income inequality by ethnic group, 2004-2016 19

Table 2. Research Domains and Questions 24

Table 3. Focus Group Level Responses on Improvements in Living Standards 27

Table 4. Focus Group Level Responses on Decline in Living Standards 29

Table 5. Individual Responses to the Question: Compared to five years ago, is your life harder, easier or is there no difference? 33

Table 6. Survey of Relative versus Absolute Income 44

Figures 12

Figure 1. Trends in GDP per capita (constant 2010 US$), 1960-2019 12

Figure 2a. Poverty rates (headcount ratio) by ethnic group, 1970-2019 14

Figure 2b. Mean real household income, national and by ethnic group, 1970-2019 14

Figure 3. Poverty headcount ratio at different poverty lines, 1970-2019 15

Figure 4. Long-term inequality trends based on relative versus absolute Gini of income per capita, 1970-2022 18

Figure 5. Income growth incidence curve for Malaysia, 1984-2019 21

Figure 6. Trends in Life Satisfaction and Happiness 22

Appendix Tables 60

Table A1. Region and ethnicity-wise breakdown of FGDs 60

Appendix Figures 63

Figure B1. Employment income growth incidence curves for Malaysia, 2004-2016 63

Figure B2. Trends in median monthly employment income, 2004-2016 64

Figure B3. Trends in number of income earners per household and people holding multiple jobs 65

Figure B4. Trends in CPI, EPI and PePI , 2016-2021 68

Figure B5. State-wise Trends in CPI, 2012-2020 68

초록보기

This paper sheds light on a Malaysian paradox that may have lessons for the rest of the world. Despite high gross domestic product growth with concurrent sharp reductions in income poverty and inequality, there was widespread discontent in the country. The paper first documents various dimensions of the Malaysian “miracle” with diverse data. It then draws on qualitative, open-ended focus group discussions to go below the surface of the quantitative data to analyze how Malaysian citizens perceive these changes, the challenges they face, and their sources of discontent. The findings reveal a broad consensus that while material living standards have improved, they have been accompanied by an underside such as a large “imbalance” between income and expenses, a need to rely on dual incomes and multiple jobs, growing indebtedness, increased stress, and polarization across ethnic groups. The paper argues that the Malaysian paradox may reveal something more general about the underside of economic growth.

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