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Title page 1

Contents 4

Introduction 7

I. What is the right to social security? 10

A. Definition 10

B. The right to social security under international law 10

1. Recognition of the right to social security in international and regional human rights instruments 11

2. International social security standards adopted by the International Labour Organization 13

C. Key elements of the right to social security 15

1. Legislative and policy framework 15

2. Social security schemes 15

3. Social risks or contingencies 17

a. Health care 17

b. Sickness 18

c. Old age 19

d. Unemployment 20

e. Employment injury and occupational diseases 21

f. Family and child support 22

g. Maternity 22

h. Disability 23

i. Survivors, including orphans 24

4. Elements of the right to social security 25

a. Availability 25

b. Adequacy 25

c. Accessibility 27

d. Participation 28

D. The link between the right to social security and other rights 29

II. What are the obligations of States and other actors to realize the right to social security 32

A. Cross-cutting principles of non-discrimination and gender equality 32

B. Obligations of States to respect, protect and fulfil the right to social security 33

C. Core obligations and progressive realization 35

D. Obligations with international dimensions 38

E. Obligations of non-State actors 39

III. What does it mean to adopt a rights-based approach to social security? 42

A. Developing comprehensive legal and policy frameworks 42

B. Strengthening the State’s role as guarantor of the system 44

C. Allocation of adequate funding 45

D. Applying a gender-responsive approach 47

E. Paying special attention to disadvantaged individuals and groups 49

1. Workers in the informal economy 50

2. Children and families 53

3. Persons with disabilities 54

4. Older persons 56

5. People living in poverty 57

6. Migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees and internally displaced persons 59

F. Implementing universal social protection systems 62

G. Anchoring poverty reduction interventions in human rights norms and principles 63

H. Coordinating relevant policies 65

I. Monitoring progress 66

J. Establishing complaint and redress mechanisms 67

IV. Key issues relating to universal social protection systems 70

A. Are universal social protection systems possible only in high-income countries? 70

B. Do austerity programmes lead to retrogressive measures? 71

C. Should States prioritize certain types of social security mechanisms in order to achieve universal social protection? 74

D. Does social security cover only those in formal employment? 75

Annexes 77

I. Glossary 77

II. Useful resources and links 81

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