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Title page 1

Contents 3

Summary 6

Benefits and drawbacks of lobbying 6

Internal regulation of lobbying 6

Civil service 6

MPs 7

Lords 7

Ministers 7

The Transparency of Lobbying, Non-Party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014 8

Criticism of the act 8

Lobbying reviews after Greensill collapsed 9

Lobbying and recall petitions 9

Lobbying in other countries 10

1. What is lobbying? 11

1.1. What outcomes can lobbyists seek? 12

1.2. When can lobbying occur? 12

Pre-legislative lobbying 13

Lobbying when a bill is in Parliament 13

Post-legislative lobbying 13

1.3. When is lobbying considered a democratic good? 13

1.4. When is lobbying considered problematic? 14

Public opinion of lobbying in the UK 15

2. Codes of conduct and guidance 16

2.1. External regulation 16

2.2. Internal regulation 17

Guidance for civil servants 17

Guidance for MPs 18

Guidance for Lords 20

Guidance for ministers 22

3. The Transparency of Lobbying, Non-Party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014 24

3.1. Features of the act 25

What is a consultant lobbyist? 25

The register of consultant lobbyists 26

Enforcement powers 28

3.2. Passage of the act 28

White paper and committee report 28

Allegations of improper lobbying before second reading 29

Reaction to the bill 29

Commons debates on the bill 30

4. Scrutiny of the Act and suggested reforms 33

4.1. Parallel scrutiny of the bill 33

Committee on Standards report 33

Political and Constitutional Reform Committee 34

Government amendments in response 35

4.2. Post-legislative scrutiny of the act 35

Committee recommendations 36

4.3. The Committee on Standards in Public Life's review of the act 38

Government responses to the CSPL 40

4.4. Academic analyses of the act 42

Opaque: an empirical evaluation of lobbying transparency 43

Cleaning up UK politics: what would better lobbying regulation look like? 43

5. Scrutiny of lobbying after Greensill Capital collapse 45

5.1. Greensill Capital and its relationship with government 45

5.2. Nigel Boardman: Review into the Development and Use of Supply Chain Finance (and Associated Schemes) in Government 46

Part one 47

Part two 48

Government response 50

5.3. The Treasury Select Committee: Lessons from Greensill Capital 51

Government response 52

5.4. The Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee: Propriety of Governance in Light of Greensill 53

6. Lobbying and recall petitions 54

6.1. Lobbying incidences which have triggered recall petitions 54

North Antrim - Ian Paisley (DUP) 54

Blackpool South - Scott Benton (Conservative) 55

6.2. Lobbying incidences which have met the requirements to trigger recall, but did not 56

North Shropshire - Owen Paterson (Conservative) 56

7. Lobbying regulation in other countries 59

7.1. Ranking and comparison of lobbying regulation 59

UK lobbying regulation robustness score 61