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Title page 1

Contents 3

Preface 4

Key findings 5

Introduction: The global labour market landscape in 2025 8

1. Drivers of labour-market transformation 10

1.1. Expected impact of macrotrends on business transformation 10

2. Jobs outlook 18

2.1. Total job growth and loss 18

2.2. Expected impact of macrotrends on employment 25

3. Skills outlook 32

3.1. Expected disruptions to skills 32

3.2. Drivers of skill disruption 43

3.3. Reskilling and upskilling strategies 45

4. Workforce strategies 49

4.1. Barriers to transformation 49

4.2. Improving talent availability 52

5. Region, economy and industry insights 65

5.1. Region and economy insights 65

5.2. Industry insights 81

Conclusions 94

Endnotes 95

Appendix: Report Methodology 97

User Guide: Economy, Region, and Industry Profiles 108

Contributors 284

Collaborators 285

Acknowledgments 286

Tables 29

TABLE 2.1. Impact of geoeconomic trends ends on off-shoring and re-shoring 29

TABLE 4.1. Planned implementation of diversity, equity and inclusion measures, 2025-2030, by region 57

TABLE 5.1. Impact of macrotrends, 2025-2030, by region 77

TABLE 5.2. Impact of technology related trends, 2025-2030, by region 78

TABLE 5.3. Skill importance in 2025, by region 79

TABLE 5.4. Skill evolution, 2025-2030, by region 80

TABLE 5.5. Impact of macrotrends, 2025-2030 90

TABLE 5.6. Impact of technology related trends, 2025-2030 91

TABLE 5.7. Skill importance in 2025 92

TABLE 5.8. Skill evolution, 2025-2030 93

Figures 10

FIGURE 1.1. Macrotrends driving business transformation 10

FIGURE 1.2. Technology trends driving business transformation, 2025-2030 11

FIGURE 1.3. Geoeconomic trends, by economy 14

FIGURE 1.4. Geoeconomic trends, by industry cluster 15

FIGURE 1.5. Dual impact of declining and growing labour forces, by economy and income group, 2025-2030 17

FIGURE 2.1. Global employment change by 2030 18

FIGURE 2.2. Fastest-growing and fastest-declining jobs, 2025-2030 19

FIGURE 2.3. Job growth and decline, 2025-2030 21

FIGURE 2.4. Largest growing and declining jobs, 2025-2030 23

FIGURE 2.5. Job growth and decline (number of employees), 2025-2030 24

FIGURE 2.6. Expected impact of macrotrends ends and technology trends on jobs, 2025-2030 25

FIGURE 2.7. The shifting human-machine frontier: automation versus augmentation, 2025-2030 26

FIGURE 2.8. Expected shift in the human share of work task delivery in total firm output driven by automation versus augmentation, 20252030,global average 27

FIGURE 2.9. Expected shift in the human share of work task delivery in total firm output driven by automation versus augmentation, 20252030,by industry 28

FIGURE 3.1. Disruptions to skills 33

FIGURE 3.2. Disruption to skills 2025-2030, by economy 34

FIGURE 3.3. Core skills in 2025 35

FIGURE 3.4. Skills on the rise, 2025-2030 37

FIGURE 3.5. Top 10 industries for increasing skill requirements, 2025-2030 39

FIGURE 3.6. Core skills in 2030 41

FIGURE 3.7. Skill importance gap and skill proficiency gap between growing and declining jobs 42

FIGURE 3.8. Training completion as part of learning and development strategies, 2023 vs. 2025, by industry 46

FIGURE 3.9. Upskilling and reskilling outlook, 2025-2030 47

FIGURE 3.10. Funding for training, 2025-2030 48

FIGURE 3.11. Expected outcomes from investing in training, 2025-2030 48

FIGURE 4.1. Barriers to organizational transformation, 2025-2030 49

FIGURE 4.2. Talent outlook, 2025-2030 50

FIGURE 4.3. alent hiring availability, by economy, 2025-2030 51

FIGURE 4.4. Workforce strategies, 2025-2030 52

FIGURE 4.5. Business practices to increase talent availability, 2025-2030 53

FIGURE 4.6. Public policies to increase talent availability, 2025-2030 55

FIGURE 4.7. Planned implementation of diversity, equity and inclusion measures, 2025-2030 56

FIGURE 4.8. Planned implementation of diversity, equity and inclusion measures, 2023 vs. 2025 56

FIGURE 4.9. Diversity, equity, and inclusion priority groups, 2025-2030 58

FIGURE 4.10. Wage outlook, 2025-2030 58

FIGURE 4.11. Wage strategies, 2025-2030 59

FIGURE 4.12. Skill assessment mechanisms, 2025-2030 62

FIGURE 4.13. Barriers to AI adoption 63

FIGURE 4.14. Workforce strategy in response to AI, 2025-2030 63

FIGURE 5.1. Attracting talent to the firm and to the industry 82

FIGURE 5.2. Workforce strategy: automation or augmentation, by industry 83

Boxes 12

BOX 1.1. Demand for generative AI skills 12

BOX 2.1. Green hiring rates 30

BOX 3.1. Generative AI and human-centred skills 43

BOX 4.1. Talent availability: an employee perspective 53

BOX 4.2. Wage premium for skills and experience 59

Box Figures 12

FIGURE B1.1. Demand for generative AI skills 12

FIGURE B2.1. Green hiring rates 30

FIGURE B3.1. Current capacity for substitution by Generative AI, by skill group 44

FIGURE B4.1. Business practices to boost talent availability: employee vs. employer perspective 54

FIGURE B4.2A. Cumulative wage premium by skill level 60

FIGURE B4.2B. Marginal wage premium by skill level 60

FIGURE B4.3. Marginal wage premium: female vs. male workers 61

FIGURE B4.4. Growth in relative concentration of AI technologies, by industry, 2016-2024 64

Appendix Tables 98

TABLE A1. Taxonomy of industry categories 98

TABLE A2. Skill taxonomy 101

TABLE A3. Job taxonomy 102

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