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Title page 1

Contents 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3

1. SIX PRIORITY METALS: SUPPLY CHAINS, RECYCLING, ESG AND MORE 10

2. COPPER 13

2.1. Natural Occurrence 14

2.2. Resources 14

2.3. Production & reserves 14

2.4. Processing 15

2.5. Extent of value addition in midstream stages 15

2.6. Manufacturing and Use 16

2.7. Supply Challenges and Growth Prospects for Leading Producers 16

2.8. Investments in Mining and Processing 18

2.9. Key companies involved in the supply chain 18

2.10. Pricing and Markets 19

2.11. Agreements and Contracts 21

2.12. Recycling 22

2.13. Copper Consumption and Production in India 22

3. LITHIUM 24

3.1. Natural Occurrence 25

3.2. Resources 25

3.3. Production & Reserves 26

3.4. Processing 28

3.5. Extent of value addition in midstream stages 28

3.6. Investments in Mining and Processing 30

3.7. Key companies involved in the supply chain 32

3.8. Markets and Pricing 33

3.9. Agreements and Contracts 34

3.10. Recycling 35

3.11. Lithium Consumption and Production in India 36

4. MANGANESE 39

4.1. Natural Occurrence 40

4.2. Resources 40

4.3. Production and Reserves 40

4.4. Processing 41

4.5. Extent of value Addition in Mid-Stream 42

4.6. Manufacturing and Use 42

4.7. Investments in Mining and Processing 42

4.8. Key companies involved in the supply chain 43

4.9. Pricing and Markets 43

4.10. Agreements and Contracts 43

4.11. Recycling 43

4.12. Manganese Consumption and Production in India 44

5. NEODYMIUM 46

5.1. Natural Occurrence 47

5.2. Resources 47

5.3. Production and Reserves 47

5.4. Processing 48

5.5. Manufacturing and Use 49

5.6. Supply Challenges and Growth Prospects for Leading Producers 50

5.7. Investments in Mining and Processing 50

5.8. Key Players involved in the Supply Chain 50

5.9. Pricing and Market 51

5.10. Agreements and Contracts 51

5.11. Recycling 52

5.12. REE Consumption and Production in India 52

6. NICKEL 55

6.1. Natural Occurrence 56

6.2. Resources 56

6.3. Production & Reserves 56

6.4. Processing 57

6.5. Extent of value addition in midstream stages 57

6.6. Manufacturing and Use 58

6.7. Supply Challenges and Growth Prospects for Leading Producers 59

6.8. Investments in Mining and Processing 60

6.9. Key companies involved in the supply chain 61

6.10. Pricing and Markets 62

6.11. Agreements and Contracts 63

6.12. Recycling 63

6.13. Nickel Consumption and Production in India 63

7. SILICON 64

7.1. Natural Occurrence 65

7.2. Resources 65

7.3. Production & Reserves 66

7.4. Processing 66

7.5. Manufacturing and Use 67

7.6. Supply Challenges and Growth Prospects for Leading Producers 67

7.7. Investments in Mining and Processing 68

7.8. Key Players involved in the supply chain 68

7.9. Pricing and Markets 68

7.10. Agreements and Contracts 69

7.11. Recycling 70

7.12. Silicon Consumption and Production in India 70

REFERENCES 71

Tables 9

Table 1. Copper Production and Reserves 14

Table 2. Lithium Reserves 25

Table 3. Lithium Production and Reserves 26

Table 4. Lithium Processing 28

Table 5. Varying costs of setting up lithium processing plant at various sites globally (2022 data) 30

Table 6. Recycling technologies for different lithium-ion battery cathodes 35

Table 7. Manganese Production and Reserves 40

Table 8. REE Production and Reserves 48

Table 9. Nickel Production and Reserves 57

Table 10. Characterisation of four types of water electrolysers 58

Table 11. Silicon production and reserves data (2022) 66

Figures 8

Figure 1. A simplistic representation of the value chain stages of copper 16

Figure 2. Growth trend in refined copper over the last four years 18

Figure 3. Copper Prices 20

Figure 4. Recent volatility in global copper prices with high treatment and refining margins 21

Figure 5. Projected global value of lithium-ion battery value chain for 2035 29

Figure 6. A simplistic representation of the value chain stages of lithium 29

Figure 7. Growth trend in lithium chemical processing over the last four years 31

Figure 8. Global lithium Prices 33

Figure 9 (a) India's import partners for lithium hydroxide in 2021 36

Figure 9 (b) India's import partners for lithium carbonate in 2021 36

Figure 10(a) Global manganese mine production (Mn content) in 2022 41

Figure 10(b) Global manganese reserves in 2022 41

Figure 11(a) Production of Manganese Ore in India, 2020-21 41

Figure 11(b) Reserves of Manganese Ore in India, 2020 41

Figure 12. A simplistic representation of the value chain stages of Manganese 42

Figure 13. Light and heavy rare earth elements 47

Figure 14(a) Mine production of Rare Earths, 2022 48

Figure 14(b) Mine production of Rare Earths inRu 2s0si2a2 48

Figure 15. A simplistic representation of the value chain stages of Rare Earth Elements 49

Figure 16. REEs price variability 51

Figure 17. A simplistic representation of the value chain stages of nickel 58

Figure 18. Growth trend in nickel refining over the last four years 61

Figure 19. A simplistic representation of the value chain stages of silicon 67

Boxes 61

Box 1. Indonesia's 360˚ approach to nickel refining 61

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