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Title page 1

Contents 5

Acknowledgments 4

Introduction 9

Background 9

What is evidence-based priority setting? 9

Why do we need evidence and data in priority setting? 10

Purpose and rationale of this Handbook 10

Summary content of this Handbook 11

Endnotes 11

Chapter 1. Setting the scene 13

Overview 13

How do governments set health budgets? 13

When should priority setting take place? 15

A combined approach to examining resource allocation decisions according to priorities 15

How are health priorities set? 17

What decisions can evidence-based priority setting inform? 18

Who should be involved in priority setting? 19

Where does data and evidence fit in? 20

Chapter 1 summary 20

Endnotes 21

Chapter 2. Types of data and evidence 23

Overview 23

Types of data and evidence that can be used 23

Country-level sources of data and evidence 23

Global data and evidence 32

Chapter 2 summary 32

Endnotes 33

Chapter 3. Sourcing, analyzing and presenting data and evidence 35

Overview 35

Data mapping and data gap assessment 35

How do you do data mapping? 35

Mapping out different scenarios from the data mapping and data gap assessment 36

The bad news: no local data and evidence available 37

Local evidence is available 39

Analyzing data and evidence 42

Using the data in global tools 44

Packaging and communicating results 45

Chapter 3 summary 47

Endnotes 47

Chapter 4. Data and evidence in action 49

Overview 49

Institutionalizing the use of evidence and data in priority setting 49

Political economy of using evidence and data in priority setting 53

Identifying stakeholders, interests and power dynamics 53

Stakeholder analysis 54

Gaining political support for the use of data and evidence in priority setting 56

Creating a culture around the use of evidence and data 56

Chapter 4 summary 57

Endnotes 57

Appendix 1: Strengths and weaknesses of the data sources 59

Appendix 2: Critical appraisal of the suitability of data and evidence 61

Appendix 3: Decision tree: scenario from data mapping 62

Appendix 4: Health Interventions Prioritization Tool 63

Figures 6

Figure 1. The policy cycle 13

Figure 2. The budget cycle 14

Figure 3. Aligned policy and budget cycle 16

Figure 4. Commonly observed problems in data and evidence use 36

Figure 5. Example of making a simple prediction: Catastrophic medical expenditure (CME) 42

Figure 6. Example of using a pre-established target: Health care indicators 42

Figure 7. Example of time trend analysis: Public health expenditure for drugs 43

Figure 8. Example of country comparisons: Dialysis cost per year 43

Figure 9. Example of comparing different courses of action: Total budget for immunization program 43

Boxes 6

Box 1. Country example: Identifying health spending in Mongolia [Not yet verified] 15

Box 2. Country example: National Expanded Program on Immunization in Vietnam 19

Box 3. Country example: The relationship between the Ministry of Health and the National Health Insurance Agency in Ghana 20

Box 4. Country example: Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2015-2016 25

Box 5. Country example: Use of Global Burden of Disease data in the Philippines 25

Box 6. Types of economic evaluation for priority setting 28

Box 7. Tufts Database 29

Box 8. Country example: National Data Warehouse in India 30

Box 9. Country example: MyHealthData Warehouse and National Health Morbidity Survey in Malaysia 31

Box 10. Country example: Data mapping in India 35

Box 11. Support for researchers on economic evaluation: The Guide to Economic Analysis and Research 37

Box 12. Country example: Antiretroviral adherence in HIV-positive women in the United States 41

Box 13. Country example: National Council for Social Security (Dewan Jaminan Sosial Nasional) in Indonesia 41

Box 14. Country example: Kenya National Immunization Technical Advisory Group 51

Box 15. Useful resources for political economy analysis 54

Box 16. Country example: Political economy of priority setting in Bangladesh 55

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