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Title page 1

Contents 6

Executive Summary 8

Introduction: Description of the UAS Technology and Industry Stakeholders 10

1.1. Description of the Technology and its Risks and Benefits 10

1.2. Types of Unmanned Aerial Systems 11

1.3. UAS Market Tendencies and EU Interests 13

1.4. Risks and Opportunities of the Technology 14

1.5. Morality of UAS and International Regulation 15

The Impact of UAS in Contemporary ConAlicts 17

2.1. The Russian Invasion of Ukraine 18

2.2. Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict 19

2.3. Israel-Gaza-Iran 21

UAS in the European Union's Governance and Industry 22

3.1. Defense Governance in the EU: from EU Treaties to Existing Initiatives 22

3.2. EU Defense Budget: Less Than the Sum of the Parts 25

3.3. Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the EU: Lots of Research, Lacking Actions 26

Policy Recommendations 29

4.1. Role Definition and Governance: Internal and External Defence Policy Coordination 29

Proposal # 1: Establish a clear mandate and specific competencies for the Commissioner of Defense 29

Proposal # 2: Establish working groups and integrate military attachés in embassies under the Defense Commissioner's authority to enhance coordination within... 30

Proposal # 3: Leverage EU defense diplomacy to promote global adoption of ethicalstandards for drone usage in military operations 31

Proposal # 4: Strive for interoperability of military capabilities 31

4.2. Strategy: Planning Enhanced Defense Capabilities 32

Proposal # 5: Develop an integral drone policy for the EU 32

Proposal # 6: Prioritize the development of anti-drone technology 32

Proposal # 7: Launch inter-country development projects for small drones, similar to the existing large drone projects like the Eurodrone 33

Proposal # 8: Launch an EU common defense procurement program 33

4.3. Budget: Fiscal Strategies for Defense Enhancements 34

Proposal # 9: Reach $2bn in UAS Defense-related projects across the EU 34

Proposal # 10: Launch a 100 million inter-country C-UAS project with EU budget, such as European Anti-Drone Dome 34

Proposal # 11: Issue $500 million worth Defense Eurobonds to finance, among others, UAS and UAVs-specific project 35

Proposal # 12: Launch a comprehensive incentive program to mobilize private capital along with public expenditure, to maximize impact on UAS-related project investments 36

4.4. R&D: Advancing Defense through Research, Technology, and Innovation 36

Proposal # 13: Incentivize innovation around UAS technologies support for startups and public-private partnerships 36

Proposal # 14: Evolve the European Research Council to an international open research ecosystem including public officials, academia, private sector think tanks 37

Proposal # 15: Launch a dedicated research initiative on the impact of artificial intelligence on UAS technology 37

Conclusion: Preparing the EU for 21st-century Warfare 38

References 41

Chapter 1: The UAS Technology 41

Chapter 2: The Existing Wars Using UAS 43

Chapter 3: The EU Defense and UAS Situation 44

Chapter 4: Policy Recommendations 46

Chapter 5: Conclusion 47

Figures 11

Figure 1. the 5 levels of drone autonomy 11

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