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Title page 1

Contents 10

The European Council 4

Agenda-setting and crisis management 4

Specific Treaty-based role 6

Decision-making procedures and working methods 7

1. A free and democratic Europe 16

1.1. Background 16

1.2. Legal basis for European Council action 16

1.3. European Council focus on EU values and democracy 17

1.4. Strategic orientations 17

1.5. Developments in selected priority areas 18

1.5.1. Rule of law 18

1.5.2. Treaty change 19

2. Ensuring coherent and influential external action 20

2.1. Background 20

2.2. Legal basis for European Council action 20

2.3. European Council focus on external action 21

2.4. Strategic orientations 22

2.5. Developments in selected priority areas 22

2.5.1. Ukraine 22

2.5.2. The Middle East 23

2.5.3. EU-US relations 25

2.5.4. EU-UK relations 25

3. Stronger EU security and defence 27

3.1. Background 27

3.2. Legal basis for European Council action 27

3.3. European Council focus on security and defence 27

3.4. Strategic orientations 29

3.5. Developments in selected priority areas 30

3.5.1. EU defence cooperation 30

3.5.2. Strengthening the EU defence industry 30

3.5.3. Boosting EU defence financing 31

4. Protecting EU citizens 33

4.1. Background 33

4.2. Legal basis for European Council action 33

4.3. European Council focus on protecting citizens 34

4.4. Strategic orientations 34

4.5. Developments in selected priority areas 35

4.5.1. Fight against terrorism 35

4.5.2. Enhancing societal resilience and crisis prevention 36

4.5.3. Critical infrastructure 36

5. A dynamic enlargement process 37

5.1. Background 37

5.2. Legal basis for European Council action 37

5.3. European Council focus on enlargement 38

5.4. Strategic orientations 38

5.5. Developments in selected priority areas 39

5.5.1. Accession perspective for the Western Balkans 39

5.5.2. Accession perspective for Eastern Partnership countries 39

5.5.3. Internal reform 40

6. A comprehensive approach to migration and border management 41

6.1. Background 41

6.2. Legal basis for European Council action 42

6.3. European Council focus on migration policy 43

6.4. Strategic orientations 44

6.5. Developments in selected priority areas 44

6.5.1. Returns 44

6.5.2. Innovative measures 44

6.5.3. Instrumentalisation of migration 45

6.5.4. Developing legal pathways to migration 45

7. A strong economic basis for long-term EU competitiveness 46

7.1. Background 46

7.2. Legal basis for European Council action 46

7.3. Strategic orientations 47

7.3.1. Deepening the single market 47

7.3.2. Developing an effective competition framework 48

7.3.3. Creating an innovation- and business-friendly environment 48

7.3.4. Accelerating financial integration 49

7.3.5. Ensuring cohesive growth and new opportunities for EU citizens 50

8. Economic security and the level playing field 51

8.1. Background 51

8.2. Legal basis for European Council action 51

8.3. Strategic orientations 52

8.3.1. Defending open markets and the World Trade Organization-based multilateral trading system 52

8.3.2. Pursuing a robust trade policy 53

8.3.3. Building EU capacity in sensitive and strategic sectors 54

9. Successful green and digital transitions 55

9.1. Background 55

9.2. Legal basis for European Council action 56

9.3. Strategic orientations 56

9.3.1. Pursuing a competitiveness-friendly climate transition 56

9.3.2. Building a genuine energy union 57

9.3.3. Promoting a resilient agricultural sector 57

9.3.4. Maximising the potential of digital technologies 58

Tables 15

Table 1. Treaty articles on the role of the European Council in the area of freedom, security and justice 17

Table 2. European Council meetings addressing external relations since 2024 21

Table 3. European Council discussions on Ukraine to July 2024 23

Table 4. European Council discussions on the Middle East to July 2024 24

Table 5. European Council meetings addressing security and defence since 2022 28

Table 6. Five pillars of the ReArm Europe initiative 31

Table 7. Treaty articles on the role of the European Council in the area of freedom, security and justice 34

Table 8. Treaty articles on the role of the European Council in the area of freedom, security and justice 42

Table 9. Treaty articles on the role of the European Council in the area of long-term EU competitiveness 47

Table 10. Treaty articles on the role of the European Council in the area of economic security and the level playing field 52

Table 11. Treaty articles on the role of the European Council in the area of green and digital transition 56

Figures 14

Figure 1. Steps to EU membership 37

Figure 2. Enforcement of EU migration legislation, 2015-2023 41

Figure 3. Rising housing prices 50