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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 7

Memo to the Presidents of the European Commission, Council and Parliament 10

Memo to the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy 23

Memo to the commissioner responsible for defence 34

Memo to the commissioner responsible for trade 46

Memo to the commissioners responsible for international partnerships and reform of the multilateral development banks 57

Memo to the commissioner responsible for enlargement 69

Memo to the commissioner responsible for the internal market 80

Memo to the commissioner responsible for financial services 91

Memo to the commissioner responsible for competition 102

Memo to the commissioner responsible for research and innovation 113

Memo to the commissioner responsible for digital affairs 123

Memo to the commissioner responsible for employment and social rights 133

Memo to the commissioner responsible for health 145

Memo to the commissioner responsible for migration 156

Memo to the commissioner responsible for energy 167

Memo to the commissioner responsible for climate policy 178

Memo to the commissioner responsible for environment policy 190

Memo to the commissioner responsible for economic and financial affairs 200

Memo to the commissioner responsible for tax policy 212

Memo to the commissioner responsible for the European Union budget 223

Tables 116

Table 1. Sectoral R&D intensity, 2022 116

Figures 40

Memo to the commissioner responsible for defence 40

Figure 1. Defence equipment spending as a % of total defence spending, selected countries 40

Memo to the commissioner responsible for migration 158

Figure 1. Valid residency permits, EU and member states, by reason for issuance, % of total valid permits, end 2021 158

Figure 2. First residency permits issued annually by reason for issuance, EU27, 2013-2022 159

Memo to the commissioner responsible for economic and financial affairs 203

Figure 1. Implementation of European Semester country-specific recommendations 203

Figure 2. Annual average fiscal adjustment requirements under the new fiscal framework (average annual change in the structural primary balance, % of GDP) 205

Memo to the commissioner responsible for the European Union budget 224

Figure 1. Implementation of the EU's annual budgets, % GNI, 2000-2023 224