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Title page 1

Contents 3

Acknowledgments 2

Executive summary 4

1. Introduction and context 8

2. A behavioral approach to climate policy 11

3. Climate change perceptions 16

4. Support for government policies and awareness 24

5. Energy efficiency and heating and cooling practices 31

6. Solid waste management 39

7. Barriers to the adoption of climate-friendly behaviors and technologies 43

8. Information treatment 46

9. Policy recommendations 49

9.1) Communication-related solutions 51

A. Use trusted messengers 51

B. Use the preferred channels for different segments of the population 51

C. Raise awareness about the broad support for climate action using social norms 52

D. Highlight future gains over present costs 53

E. Clarify policy mechanisms 54

F. Leverage different types of information or messages 54

G. Harness innovative channels and platforms to address existing narratives surrounding climate 55

9.2) System and program-level solutions 56

A. Use "choice architecture" to constrain unsustainable behaviors 56

B. Consider the distributional angle in the design and implementation of support programs 57

C. Reduce sludge in accessing support programs 58

10. Conclusion 60

References 63

Appendix A The survey and sample 68

Tables 50

Table 1. Barriers to Sustainable Behaviors and their Corresponding Solutions 50

Figures 13

Figure 1. Behavioral Approach to Informing Climate Change Policies 13

Figure 2. Perceptions of Global Warming 17

Figure 3. Second-Order Beliefs about the Seriousness of Climate Change among Citizens 18

Figure 4. Levels of Belief that the Government Frequently Overstates the Impact of Climate Change 19

Figure 5. Willingness to Make Lifestyle Changes 20

Figure 6. Factors Influencing Willingness to Change Lifestyle 21

Figure 7. Factors Influencing the Perception of Climate Change Being Overstated by the Government 22

Figure 8. Factors Influencing the Perception of Climate Change's Being Real 23

Figure 9. Awareness of Government Support Programs 25

Figure 10. Factors Influencing Awareness of Government Support Programs in Europe and Central Asia, 2024 26

Figure 11. Support for Incentives, Taxes, and Bans to Promote Sustainability in Europe and Central Asia, 2024 27

Figure 12. Factors Influencing Support for Different Government Policies Fostering Sustainability in Europe and Central Asia, 2024 28

Figure 13. Heating Technology Use by Type and Country 32

Figure 14. Adequacy of Home Insulation Level by Country 33

Figure 15. Ownership of Energy-Efficient Technologies by Country 34

Figure 16. Intention to Upgrade to Energy-Efficient Technologies in the Next Two Years by Country 35

Figure 17. Factors Influencing Intentions to Upgrade to Sustainable Technology 36

Figure 18. Sorting and Separate Disposal of Waste in the Europe and Central Asia Region by Subregion and Country, 2024 40

Figure 19. Willingness to Pay More for Improved Waste Services in the Europe and Central Asia Region by Subregion and Country 41

Figure 20. Factors that Influence Willingness to Pay More for Improved Waste Management Service 42

Figure 21. Barriers to the Adoption of Environment-Friendly Technology in the Europe and Central Asia Region by Subregion and Country, 2024 44

Figure 22. Barriers to the Adoption of Energy-Efficient Technologies and Waste Management 45

Figure 23. Impacts of the Information Treatments 48

Figure 24. Trusted Messengers of Climate Change Information 51

Figure 25. Preferred Communication Channels 52

Figure 26. "Home Energy Report" with Social Norms 53

Figure 27. "The Solar API" 54

Figure 28. Differentiation of Containers for Waste in Romania 57

Figure 29. The Clean Air Priority Program (CAPP) Beneficiary Journey in Poland 59

Figure 30. Sociodemographics of the Survey Sample 69

Figure 31. Factors Influencing Awareness of Support Programs 75

Appendix Tables 70

Table A1. Summary of Sample Numbers, Data Collection Dates, and Methodology 70

Table A2. Summary of Descriptive Statistics of the Sample 72

Table A3. Experiment Sample Distribution 73

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