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Title page 1

Contents 3

Summary 5

1. Background 8

1.1. The role of data centres 8

1.2. Types of data centre 9

1.3. UK Government policy on data centres 12

2. The UK data centre sector 14

2.1. How many data centres are there in the UK? 14

2.2. Where are the UK's data centres located? 15

2.3. The economic impact of data centres 18

2.4. Do data centres need to be located in the UK? 20

3. Planning for data centres 25

3.1. Data centres and planning in England 25

3.2. Data centres as nationally significant infrastructure projects 27

3.3. AI Growth Zones 29

3.4. Devolved administrations 31

4. Energy consumption 33

4.1. How much energy do data centres consume? 33

4.2. Energy prices 36

4.3. Electricity grid connections and capacity 40

4.4. Data centres and decarbonisation 42

4.5. Energy efficiency 52

5. Water consumption 57

5.1. How much water do data centres use? 57

5.2. Impact on water supply and resilience 61

6. Resilience of data centres 65

6.1. Who is responsible for the resilience of data centres? 66

6.2. Critical national infrastructure designation 67

6.3. Industry resilience measures 68

6.4. Regulatory framework 69

6.5. Government proposals for reform 71