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Title page 1

Contents 1

Executive summary 1

1. Introduction 6

2. Why decarbonisation in developing countries should be supported as a global commons 8

3. The major challenges that constrain climate investment in developing countries 8

3.1. High cost of capital 8

3.2. Elevated levels of sovereign debt and limited fiscal space 9

4. Climate finance needs of developing countries 11

5. Why the new deal could be inadequate 11

6. Solutions 13

6.1. Develop enabling policy environments and financial systems for climate-related investments in developing countries 13

6.2. Free up fiscal space in developing countries and optimise public expenditure for achieving the SDGs, including climate action 13

6.3. Leverage South-South cooperation and South-led multilateralism to enhance climate finance flows to developing countries 14

6.4. For climate adaptation, enhance the availability of international public capital, largely on concessional terms, across developing countries 15

6.5. For climate mitigation, deploy international public capital in a targeted manner for maximum impact and supplement with innovative sources of financing 15

6.6. Bolster the role of development finance institutions (DFIs) in building investable project pipelines and delivering finance, with a focus on channelling private-sector capital 17

7. Conclusion 19

References 20

Tables 9

Table 1. Comparison of the costs of capital of utility-scale solar PV projects (in %) between developed (Europe and USA) and emerging economies in 2021 9

Table 2. Comparison of government borrowing costs of the largest Non–Annex I economies in Africa, South America, and Asia with those of the United States of America 10

Table 3. Annual climate- and nature-related investment requirements in developing countries excluding China 11

Table 4. Source-wise public climate finance (in USD billion) reportedly provided by developed countries 12

Table 5. Source-wise private climate finance (in USD billion) reportedly mobilised by public climate finance from developed countries 12

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