Title page 1

Contents 4

Introduction 8

0.1. Objectives of the study 8

0.2. Historical background of the graphical industry social dialogue committee 9

0.3. Definitions and methodology 9

0.4. Data collection and quality control measures 14

1. Economic background and employment specificities in the graphical sector 16

1.1. Specificities of graphical sector activities in the Member States 16

1.2. Employment in the graphical sector 17

1.3. Companies in the graphical sector and economic development 26

1.4. Industrial relations in the graphical sector 39

2. National level of representation 46

2.1. National trade union membership domain and strength 48

2.2. Involvement of national trade unions in collective bargaining 56

2.3. National employer organisation membership domain and membership strength 61

2.4. Involvement of national employer organisations in collective bargaining 70

2.5. National collective bargaining and social dialogue patterns 75

2.6. Participation in sectoral policies and national sectoral social dialogue 76

2.7. Fragmentation and pluralism 80

3. European level of representation 84

3.1. Representativeness of UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging in the graphical sector 89

3.2. Sectoral trade unions not represented in the social dialogue committee for the graphical sector 99

3.3. Other European organisations with which national trade unions are affiliated 103

3.4. Representativeness of Intergraf in the graphical sector 103

3.5. Sectoral employer organisations not represented in the social dialogue committee for the graphical sector 113

3.6. Other European organisations with which national sectoral employer organisations are affiliated 117

3.7. Representativeness of UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging and Intergraf in the Member States with the largest workforces 117

3.8. Capacity to negotiate and represent member organisations 118

3.9. Effective participation in the graphical social dialogue committee 121

Conclusions 123

Bibliography 125

Annex 126

Tables 5

Table 1. Joint texts of the European social partners participating in the graphical ESSDC 9

Table 2. Classification of activities in the graphical sector used in the current study 10

Table 3. Membership domain patterns of an organisation 12

Table 4. Employment in NACE sectors 18.1, 18.2, 58.1 and 58.2, 2022 (thousands) 19

Table 5. Share of self-employed people in NACE 18.1, 18.2, 58.1 and 58.2, 2021 and 2022 25

Table 6. Number of companies in the graphical sector, 2022 28

Table 7. Number of companies by company size class in the EU-27, 2022 30

Table 8. Number of people employed by company size class, EU-27, 2020 31

Table 9. Sectoral workforce in the largest companies, average company size and concentration in terms of employment, 2023 32

Table 10. Number of enterprises in NACE 18.1, 2013-2022 36

Table 11. Number of enterprises in NACE 18.2, 2013-2022 37

Table 12. Number of companies in NACE 58, 2013-2022 38

Table 13. Organisational density of trade unions in the graphical sector 40

Table 14. Organisational density of employer organisations / business associations in the graphical sector 42

Table 15. Collective bargaining coverage and extension mechanism 44

Table 16. Comparative overview of the number of national trade unions organising workers in the graphical sector in each Member State, 2015 and 2023 48

Table 17. Comparative overview of the number of national employer organisations with member companies in the graphical sector in each Member State, 2015 and 2023 48

Table 18. Scope of membership domains of sectoral trade unions, 2023 49

Table 19. Trade union coverage by workforce categories, company size groups, geographical coverage and additional sectors of activity in the graphical sector 51

Table 20. Membership strength of the trade unions, 2023 54

Table 21. Overview of graphical sector trade unions' involvement in collective bargaining in the EU-27, 2023 56

Table 22. List of graphical trade unions' role in the national industrial relations landscape 58

Table 23. Scope of membership domains of sectoral employer organisations, 2023 62

Table 24. Employer organisation coverage by company size, geographical coverage and additional sectors of activity 65

Table 25. Membership strength of national employer organisations in the graphical sector 67

Table 26. Overview of graphical employer organisations' involvement in collective bargaining in the EU-27, 2023 70

Table 27. List of graphical employer organisations' role in national industrial relations' landscape 72

Table 28. Collective bargaining in the graphical sector by involvement of social partner organisations, 2023 75

Table 29. Type of collective bargaining in the graphical sector by Member State, 2023 75

Table 30. Coverage of collective bargaining in the graphical sector by Member State, 2023 76

Table 31. Consultation of employer organisations and trade unions by Member State, 2023 76

Table 32. Social dialogue bodies in the graphical sector: features and activities, 2023 78

Table 33. Reasons for fragmentation and pluralism of trade unions in the graphical sector, 2023 80

Table 34. Reasons for fragmentation and pluralism of employer organisations in the graphical sector, 2023 83

Table 35. Trade unions' affiliation with European organisations for their graphical sector members, 2023 85

Table 36. Affiliation of each employer organisation with Intergraf or other European organisations, 2023 87

Table 37. Scope of membership domains of sectoral trade unions affiliated with UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging (GP), 2023 92

Table 38. Trade union coverage by workforce categories and company size groups of sectoral trade unions affiliated with UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging (GP), 2023 93

Table 39. Membership strength of trade unions affiliated with UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging, 2023 94

Table 40. Overview of the involvement in collective bargaining of the trade unions affiliated with UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging in the EU-27, 2023 95

Table 41. Role of the graphical trade unions affiliated with UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging in the national industrial relations landscape, 2023 97

Table 42. Membership strength of trade unions not affiliated with UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging, 2023 99

Table 43. Role of non-represented graphical trade unions in the national industrial relations landscape, 2023 101

Table 44. Scope of membership domains of sectoral employer organisations affiliated with Intergraf, 2023 106

Table 45. Employer organisation coverage by workforce categories and company size groups for employer organisations affiliated with Intergraf, 2023 109

Table 46. Membership strength of employer organisations that are members of Intergraf, 2023 110

Table 47. Intergraf-affiliated national employer organisations' role in the national industrial relations landscape, 2023 112

Table 48. Membership strength of national employer organisations that are not affiliated with Intergraf, 2023 113

Table 49. Role of non-represented graphical employer organisations in the national industrial relations landscape, 2023 115

Table 50. Overview of the representation of the national social partner organisations from the six Member States with the largest sectoral workforce in the ESSDC 117

Table 51. Affiliations in the Member States where the graphical sector has a share over 1 % of total employment 118

Table 52. Effective participation in the graphical ESSDC, 2022-2024 121

Table 53. Comparative overview of the social partners in the graphical sector based on European Commission Decision 98/500/EC criteria 122

Table 54. Activities considered part of the graphical sector in each Member State, 2023 126

Table 55. Features of the graphical sector workforce, 2023 129

Table 56. Features hindering the organisation of the workforce in the graphical sector, 2023 131

Table 57. Means used by trade unions to attract members in the sector in recent years, 2023 133

Table 58. Company features that hinder the organisation of companies in employer organisations, 2023 135

Table 59. Scope of membership domains of trade unions not represented in the ESSDC, 2023 137

Table 60. Trade union coverage by workforce categories and company size groups of non-represented sectoral trade unions, 2023 138

Table 61. Scope of membership domains of sectoral employer organisations not affiliated with Intergraf, 2023 139

Table 62. List of national trade unions identified as representing workers in the graphical sector 141

Table 63. List of national employer organisations representing the companies in the graphical sector 144

Table 64. Correspondents who contributed to this study 147

Figures 7

Figure 1. Four different types of sector-relatedness 13

Figure 2. Number of Member States that consider these activities to be part of the graphical sector, 2023 16

Figure 3. Employment in NACE sectors 18.1, 18.2 and 58, 2013-2022 (2013 = 100) 18

Figure 4. Share of employment of NACE sectors 18.1, 58.1 and 58.2 in the graphical sector, 2022 22

Figure 5. Change in employment in absolute figures (thousands) and percentages in NACE 18.1, 2013-2022 23

Figure 6. Change in employment in absolute figures (thousands) and percentages in NACE 58, 2013-2022 24

Figure 7. Gender distribution of the workforce in the graphical sector (NACE 18) in the EU-27, 2013-2024 26

Figure 8. Number of companies in the graphical sector in the EU-27 in NACE 18.1, 18.2 and 58, 2013-2022 34

Figure 9. Number of trade unions and employer organisations in the graphical industry, 2023 46

Figure 10. Activities and occupations covered by the trade unions, 2023 53

Figure 11. Activities and occupations covered by the employer organisations, 2023 64

Figure 12. Number of graphical trade unions and employer organisations affiliated with UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging and Intergraf, respectively, 2023 84

Figure 13. Scoreboard of the representativeness of UNI Europa Graphical and Packaging, 2023 90

Figure 14. Scoreboard of the representativeness of Intergraf 104