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Title page 1

Contents 4

Executive Summary 8

Introduction 10

Part 1: Resilience & flood risk in EU cities & regions 12

1.1. Water resilience 12

1.2. Overview of flood risks in EU 15

1.3. Overview of flood-related risks and their economic, social and environmental impacts 18

Part 2: Governance, legal framework & policy landscape for water resilience 21

2.1. EU water governance framework 21

2.2. Key EU directives and legal instruments for water resilience 24

2.3. EU policy initiatives & strategic developments 26

2.4. EU financing instruments & supporting mechanisms 28

2.5. LRA implementation challenges & good practices 30

2.6. Enabling conditions & opportunities 32

Part 3: Case studies 34

3.1. Case 1. Management of the catastrophic flood event in Valencia, Spain: DANA 2024 35

3.2. Case 2. Management of the catastrophic flood events in Central-Western Europe: Storm Bernd 2021 42

3.3. Case 3. Transboundary river basin cooperation during central european floods: storm Boris 2024 47

3.4. Case 4. Successful local flood management project: Room for the Waal in Nijmegen, The Netherlands 51

3.5. Case 5. Coastal flood protection systems in Italy 55

Part 4: Assessment and analysis 59

4.1. Flood forecasting, early warning & implementation of the WFD/FD 60

4.2. Crisis management 63

4.3. Unequal vulnerabilities and territorial imbalances 67

4.4. LRAs challenges in implementing preparedness & recovery measures 68

4.5. Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) and long-term prevention 69

Part 5: Best practices and guidance for local and regional authorities (LRAs) 71

5.1. Strengthening flood preparedness and anticipation 71

5.2. Integrating flood risk into local planning 73

5.3. Robust governance & cross-border coordination 74

5.4. Communication & social equity 75

5.5. Recovery & reconstruction (Build Back Better) 76

5.6. Financing 78

5.7. European-Level Support and Incentives 78

5.8. Practical Guide for LRAs 80

Part 6: Bibliography 84

Tables 13

Table 1. Prevention, Risk reduction & Preparedness measures 13

Table 2. Overview of the most relevant EU legal instruments contributing to water resilience 24

Table 3. Overview of key EU policy initiatives and strategies in water resilience and their relevance to LRAs 27

Table 4. Roles and responsibilities in the Meuse-Rhine area 43

Table 5. Comparison of forecasting, warning and implementation of WFD/FD for the presented case studies 60

Table 6. Warning level and thresholds 64

Figures 14

Figure 1. DRM cycle 14

Figure 2. Multilevel EU water governance: institutional roles and coordination mechanisms 23

Figure 3. Study Cases approximate geographical coverage NSTU2 level 34

Figure 4. Images of the same geographic area in Valencia (Spain) taken before and after the 29 October 2024 flood event 35

Figure 5. Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) - DG ECHO Daily Maps on 18/09 and 20/09/2024. © European Union, 2024 49

Figure 6. Examples of measures applied in the Room for the River Program 52

Figure 7. Room for the Waal project. © DaMatriX, Spiegelwaal.jpg, Wikimedia Commons, licencia (CC BY-SA 4.0) 53

Figure 8. Example of section at submerged breakwater & artificial gravel nourishment configuration 56

Figure 9. Cycle of Flood Risk Management Plan in a Municipality 62

Figure 10. Sound and lighting company for cultural events and concerts affected by the October 2024 DANA in Algemesí, Valencia 65

Figure 11. Traditional dry stone terraces that generate a positive hydrological effect by reducing the force of water and preventing erosion despite forest fires 77

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