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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 6

Background 8

DOD Budgeting Process 8

PDI Reporting Requirements 10

European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) 13

Inconsistent PDI Program Selection and Priorities Limit Visibility into Resourcing for the Joint Force in the Pacific 15

DOD Components Inconsistently Select Programs for the PDI Budget Exhibit 15

The PDI Budget Exhibit Presents Different Priorities Than the Independent Assessment 23

DOD Implemented and Directed PDI and EDI Differently 27

EDI Benefitted from Direct Funding and Unique Strategic Context 27

Both Initiatives Implemented Distinct Criteria to Develop Budget Exhibits for Congress 29

EUCOM Played a Larger Role in EDI Than INDOPACOM Does in PDI 31

Conclusion 32

Recommendations 32

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 32

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 35

Appendix II: Comments from the Department of Defense 38

Appendix III: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 40

Tables 3

Table 1. Select Types of DOD Appropriation Accounts 9

Table 2. Budget Estimates for Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) Programs in the Pacific Deterrence Initiative Budget Exhibit, by Component 17

Table 3. Budget Estimates for Facilities Sustainment Programs in the Pacific Deterrence Initiative Budget Exhibit, by Component 18

Figures 3

Figure 1. Summary of the Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution Process 9

Figure 2. Pacific Deterrence Initiative Total Budget Estimates, Fiscal Years 2022-2025 (in then-year dollars) 12

Figure 3. Timeline of the European Deterrence Initiative 14

Figure 4. Approximate Locations of Select Programs Included in the Pacific Deterrence Initiative (PDI) Budget Exhibit 19

Figure 5. Comparison of Budget Estimates in the Pacific Deterrence Initiative (PDI) Budget Exhibits and the Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM) Independent Assessment, Fiscal Years 2022-2025 23

Figure 6. Comparison of Budget Estimates in the Pacific Deterrence Initiative (PDI) Budget Exhibit and the Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM) Independent Assessment, by PDI Category, Fiscal Year 2025 24

Figure 7. European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) Enacted Funding, Fiscal Years (FY) 2015-2023 28

Figure 8. Comparison of Activities Included in the Pacific Deterrence Initiative (PDI) and the European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) 30