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Title page 1

Contents 3

About the Martens Centre 4

About the author 6

Summary 8

Introduction 10

The emergence of political groupings in the ECSC's Common Assembly (1952-8) 12

The developments towards direct elections (1958-79) 15

The EP's growing autonomy and self-awareness (1979-90) 22

The EP's increased politicisation and institutionalisation (1991-9) 26

The achievement of institutional equality with the Council (1999-2009) 29

The new start with Lisbon: factionalism, remembrance and the Spitzenkandidaten model (2009-19) 31

The EP in times of populism and growing complexity (2019-24) 37

Mapping the development of European parliamentarism: key criteria 40

Treaties 40

Enlargements 41

Changing party-political landscapes and EP groupings 42

Inter-institutionalism 44

Direct elections 44

The presidents 46

Conclusion 48

Bibliography 52