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Title page 1

Contents 2

KEY TAKEAWAYS 1

INTRODUCTION 3

THE GREAT CONCENTRATION PANIC 3

CENSUS BUREAU CONCENTRATION DATA 4

Concentration in 2022 6

Changes in Concentration 6

Industries With High Increases in Concentration From 2017 to 2022 9

Advanced Technology Sectors 11

INCORPORATING TRADE DATA INTO THE ANALYSIS 12

Concentration in 2022 Was Lower When Imports and Exports Are Incorporated 13

Concentration Decreases Over Time When Imports and Exports Are Incorporated 14

The Negative Correlation Between C4 Concentration Ratio and Changes in Percentage Point Is More Pronounced When Including Net Imports 15

Highly Concentrated Industries When Net Imports Are Considered 15

HOW SHOULD ANTITRUST MOVE FORWARD? 16

CONCLUSION 17

ENDNOTES 18

Tables 5

Table 1. C4 concentration levels and thresholds 5

Figures 6

Figure 1. Count of C4 concentration levels among all 889 six-digit NAICS industries, 2022 6

Figure 2. Range of C4 concentration changes among six-digit NAICS industries, 2017-2022 7

Figure 3. Change in C4 concentration levels among six-digit NAICS industries, 2017-2022 (left to right) 7

Figure 4. Relationship between C4 ratio in 2017 and change in C4, 2017-2022 8

Figure 5. Percentage point increase to 2022 for industries with 2017 C4 ratio of 60 percent or more 8

Figure 6. Top 20 industries with the highest C4 ratios in 2017 and their percentage point changes, 2017-2022 9

Figure 7. Top 20 industries with the highest percentage point increase in the C4 ratio, 2017-2022 10

Figure 8. Number of advanced technology industries in C4 concentration ratio groups, 2017 and 2022 11

Figure 9. Change in C4 concentration levels among 135 advanced industries, 2017-2022 (left to right) 12

Figure 10. Ranges of C4 concentration in 2022 NAICS codes, considering imports and exports 14

Figure 11. Change in C4 concentration among six-digit NAICS industries, 2017-2022, considering trade 14

Figure 12. Relationship between C4 ratio in 2017 and change through 2022, considering trade 15

Figure 13. Change in C4 among most highly concentrated industries, 2017-2022, factoring trade 16