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Title page 1

Contents 1

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Background 8

2.1. The Swedish education system 8

2.2. Income and wealth inequality in Sweden 9

3. Data 9

3.1. Sources and definition of key variables 9

3.2. Sample selection and summary statistics 11

4. Empirical strategy 12

5. Results 14

5.1. Causal estimates 14

5.1.1. Heterogeneity by parental SES 14

5.1.2. Heterogeneity by school SES 15

5.1.3. Non-linear effects 16

5.2. Robustness and external validity 16

5.2.1. Measurement of inequality 16

5.2.2. Outliers 17

5.2.3. Selection into schools 17

5.2.4. Other threats to the validity of the research design 17

6. Conclusion 18

References 20

Appendix A. Additional Results 31

Tables 25

Table 1. Summary statistics 25

Table 2. Balancing tests 26

Table 3. Exposure to inequality, human capital investment, and labor market outcomes: Descriptive evidence 27

Table 4. Exposure to inequality, human capital investment, and labor market outcomes 28

Table 5. Exposure to inequality, human capital investment, and labor market outcomes: heterogeneity by parental income and wealth rank 29

Table 6. Exposure to inequality and education and labor market outcomes: non-linear effects 30

Appendix Tables 34

Appendix Table A.1. Balancing tests: Lagged inequality 34

Appendix Table A.2. Exposure to inequality and education and labor market outcomes: heterogeneity by parental income and wealth rank (national distributions) 35

Appendix Table A.3. Exposure to inequality and education and labor market outcomes: heterogeneity by parental education 36

Appendix Table A.4. Exposure to inequality, human capital investment, and labor market outcomes: heterogeneity by parental income and wealth rank in low-income schools 37

Appendix Table A.5. Exposure to inequality, human capital investment, and labor market outcomes: heterogeneity by parental income and wealth rank in high-income schools 38

Appendix Table A.6. Exposure to inequality and education and labor market outcomes: robustness to restricting the sample to schools with a maximum cohort size of 120 39

Appendix Table A.7. Exposure to inequality and education and labor market outcomes: robustness to measuring inequality at the cohort gender level 40

Appendix Table A.8. Exposure to inequality, human capital investment, and labor market outcomes: Housing wealth 41

Appendix Table A.9. Exposure to inequality and education and labor market outcomes: excluding top 2% of the inequality distribution 42

Appendix Table A.10. Exposure to inequality, human capital investment, and labor market outcomes: Family fixed effects 43

Appendix Table A.11. Exposure to inequality and education and labor market outcomes: controlling for background characteristics 44

Appendix Table A.12. Exposure to inequality and education and labor market outcomes: controlling for peers’ parental characteristics 45

Appendix Table A.13. Peer effects in other dimensions 46

Appendix Figures 31

Appendix Figure A.1. High school graduation by socioeconomic background and income inequality 31

Appendix Figure A.2. Time series of income and wealth inequality for 10 schools 32

Appendix Figure A.3. Within. and between-school variation 33

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