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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 5

Background 9

Sourcing, Manufacturing, and Distribution of Synthetic Drugs 12

How do Mexican TCOs source precursor chemicals? 12

How do Mexican TCOs manufacture fentanyl and methamphetamines? 17

How do Mexican TCOs smuggle and distribute fentanyl and methamphetamine into the U.S.? 20

How do local drug traffickers distribute and sell fentanyl and methamphetamine? 23

Laundering Proceeds from the Sale of Synthetic Drugs 27

How do TCOs launder the proceeds from synthetic drug sales? 27

What are the characteristics of Chinese money laundering networks and why do TCOs use them? 29

How has FinCEN helped financial institutions identify and report money laundering related to synthetic drugs? 35

What do recent suspicious activity report filings reveal about money laundering related to synthetic drug trafficking? 38

Agency Coordination, Information-Sharing Efforts, and Recent Policy Changes 39

How do federal agencies coordinate to combat synthetic drug trafficking and related money laundering? 39

What other mechanisms do federal agencies use to share information? 46

What recent policy changes aim to address transnational crime? 49

Agency Comments 52

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 54

Appendix II: Examples of Online Companies Listing Precursor Chemicals for Sale 60

Appendix III: Comments from the United States Postal Service 65

Appendix IV: GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments 66

Tables 3

Table 1. Recent FinCEN Advisories Related to Illicit Synthetic Drugs 36

Table 2. Examples of Interagency Efforts That Address Synthetic Drug Trafficking and Illicit Financing 39

Table 3. Summary of Key Policy Changes Related to Combating Synthetic Drugs Since January 20, 2025 49

Figures 3

Figure 1. Key Federal Agencies Involved in Combating Synthetic Drug Trafficking and Related Illicit Finance 11

Figure 2. Comparison of Authentic Prescription Pills and Fake Prescription Pills Laced with Illicit Fentanyl 18

Figure 3. Oxycodone M30 Die Mold Listed for Sale by a Chinese Company 19

Figure 4. How Mexican TCOs Generally Source Precursor Chemicals and Distribute Fentanyl and Methamphetamine into the U.S. 21

Figure 5. GAO Undercover Communication with Purported Drug Trafficker Who Uses a Social Media Site and Encrypted Messaging Application 24

Figure 6. GAO Undercover Communication with Purported Drug Trafficker Seeking Payment in Virtual Currency 27

Figure 7. Example of a Mirror Transaction Used by a Chinese Money Laundering Network 32

Figure 8. Examples of How Chinese Money Laundering Networks Launder Drug Proceeds Through U.S. Banks 34

Figure 9. Examples of Coordination and Information-Sharing Efforts for Combating Drug Trafficking and Illicit Finance 49

Figure 10. Advertisement for Discreet Delivery and Communication on Mislabeling a Fentanyl Precursor Chemical 61

Figure 11. Comparison of Purchase Quantities Between Questionable Company and Reputable Seller 63

Figure 12. Example of Communication on Customs Clearance for Fentanyl Precursor Chemicals from Questionable Company Based in China 64

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