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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 6

Background 8

Telework and Remote Work Authorities 8

DOD Roles and Responsibilities for Telework and Remote Work 10

DOD Policies Have Evolved Since 2020 to Reflect Federal Guidance on the Use of Telework and Remote Work 11

Since 2020, DOD Policy Has Reflected the Federal Government's Expansion and Reduction of Telework and Remote Work 12

DOD Has Taken Steps to Implement Return to In-Person Work 19

DOD Did Not Collect Complete Data on Civilian Telework and Remote Work Eligibility, but GAO's Analysis Shows Most Employees' Work Was Performed in Person in 2024 20

Most DOD Civilian Positions Were Eligible for Telework or Remote Work Between December 2021 and February 2025, but Employee Eligibility Data Are Incomplete 20

In 2024, Most Work by DOD Civilian Employees Was Performed In-Person, but Telework and Remote Work Usage Varied Across DOD Components and Occupations 26

DOD Has Not Formally Evaluated the Effects of Telework and Remote Work Programs, but Selected Components Reported Perceived Benefits and Challenges 30

Conclusions 35

Recommendations for Executive Action 35

Agency Comments 36

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 38

Appendix II: Data on Telework and Remote Work Eligibility and Use 44

Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Defense 61

Appendix IV: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 63

Tables 3

Table 1. Department of Defense (DOD) Officials and Entities Responsible for Telework and Remote Work Implementation and Oversight 10

Table 2. DOD Civilian Employee Telework Hours for Three Selected 2024 Pay Periods, by Occupation and as a Percentage of All DOD Telework Hours 28

Table 3. DOD Civilian Employee Remote Work Hours for Three Selected 2024 Pay Periods, by Occupation and as a Percentage of all DOD Remote Work Hours 29

Table 4. Department of Navy: Use of Telework and Remote Work, by Percent of Total Work Hours, for Pay Periods Ending in Calendar Year 2024 54

Table 5. Department of the Army: Use of Telework and Remote Work, by Percent of Total Work Hours, for Pay Periods Ending in Calendar Year 2024 55

Table 6. Department of the Air Force: Use of Telework and Remote Work, by Percent of Total Work Hours, for Pay Periods Ending in Calendar Year 2024 57

Table 7. DOD's Fourth Estate: Use of Telework and Remote Work, by Percent of Total Work Hours, for Pay Periods Ending in Calendar Year 2024 59

Figures 4

Figure 1. Timeline of Key Federal and DOD Telework and Remote Work Policies and Guidance Since 2020 13

Figure 2. Department of Defense (DOD) Telework and Remote Work Arrangements 19

Figure 3. DOD Civilian Positions by Type of Telework and Remote Work Eligibility for Selected Dates, December 2021 Through February 2025 22

Figure 4. DOD Records with Missing Telework and Remote Work Civilian Employee Eligibility Data by Position Eligibility Type for Selected Dates, December 2021 Through February 2025 23

Figure 5. Percentage of DOD Civilian Employee Hours Recorded by Work Arrangement for Pay Periods Ending in Calendar Year 2024 26

Figure 6. Civilian Work Hours by Type of Work and DOD Component for Pay Periods Ending in Calendar Year 2024 27

Figure 7. DOD Workplace Flexibilities: Position Eligibility for Fourth Estate Entities During Selected Dates from December 2021-February 2025 45

Figure 8. DOD Workplace Flexibilities: Position Eligibility for Department of the Army During Selected Dates from December 2021-February 2025 46

Figure 9. DOD Workplace Flexibilities: Position Eligibility for Department of the Navy During Selected Dates from December 2021-February 2025 47

Figure 10. DOD Workplace Flexibilities: Position Eligibility for Department of the Air Force During Selected Dates from December 2021-February 2025 48

Figure 11. DOD Workplace Flexibilities: Position Eligibility for Fourth Estate Entities For Selected Dates from December 2021 through February 2025 49

Figure 12. DOD Workplace Flexibilities: Position Eligibility for Department of the Army For Selected Dates from December 2021 through February 2025 50

Figure 13. DOD Workplace Flexibilities: Position Eligibility for Department of the Navy For Selected Dates from December 2021 through February 2025 51

Figure 14. DOD Workplace Flexibilities: Position Eligibility for Department of the Air Force For Selected Dates from December 2021 through February 2025 52

Figure 15. Frequency of Use of Routine Telework by DOD Major Component, for Pay Periods Ending in Calendar Year 2024 53

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