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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 5

Background 8

Federal Laws, Executive Actions, and Government-wide Guidance for Agencies' Protection of PII 9

Federal Laws and Executive Branch Actions Address Privacy Considerations in Agencies' Use of AI 12

GAO Has Issued AI Guidance and Reported on Privacy Challenges Associated with AI Use 17

Experts Identified Privacy Risks and Challenges Associated with the Use of AI and Ways to Address Them 19

Risks Associated with Protecting Privacy When Using AI 19

Challenges Associated with Protecting Privacy When Using AI 22

Ways Federal Agencies and Leadership Can Address AI Privacy Risks and Challenges 26

OMB's Government-wide Guidance Does Not Fully Address Privacy-Related Risks and Challenges when Using AI 29

OMB AI Guidance Does Not Provide Details on Potential Privacy-Related Risks 30

OMB Guidance Fully Addressed Two Challenges Associated with Protecting Privacy and Partially Addressed Eight 32

Conclusions 39

Recommendations for Executive Action 40

Agency Comments 40

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 43

Appendix II: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 51

Tables 3

Table 1. Expert-Identified Risks Associated with Protecting Privacy When Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) 19

Table 2. Expert-Identified Challenges Associated with Protecting Privacy When Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) 22

Table 3. Expert-Identified Actions and Technical Solutions That Can Help Protect Privacy While Working with Artificial Intelligence (AI) 28

Table 4. List of Expert Participants in GAO's Panel on Privacy Risks Associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI), Held January 13-15, 2025 44

Table 5. Ten Selected Expert-identified Privacy-related Challenges When Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) 47

Figures 3

Figure 1. Timeline of Selected Federal Efforts Related to Artificial Intelligence and Privacy 13

Figure 2. Extent to Which the Office of Management and Budget's Government-wide Guidance Addressed 10 Selected Expert-identified Privacy-related... 32