Title page 1

Contents 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3

ACRONYMS 10

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 16

1.1. Background 16

1.2. Overview of ROSC-II Project: Objectives and Components 16

1.3. Objectives and Scope of the Study 17

1.3.1. Objectives of the Study 17

1.3.2. Scope of the Study 18

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE ON OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN IN BANGLADESH 20

2.1. Children without Schooling in Bangladesh 20

2.2. Causes of Out-of-School Children 22

2.3. National Projects Dealing with Out-of-School Children in Bangladesh 23

CHAPTER 3. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND EVALUATION DESIGN 25

3.1. Key Research Questions 25

3.2. Supplementary Research Questions 25

3.3. Analytical Framework and Sampling 26

CHAPTER 4. ASSESSMENT OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF ROSC-II PROJECT: ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY DATA 28

4.1. Performance of Ananda Schools 28

4.2. Condition of Ananda Schools 30

4.3. Profile of Ananda School Teachers 35

4.4. Students' Profile 38

CHAPTER 5. ASSESSMENT OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF ROSC-II PROJECT: ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY DATA 43

5.1. Socio-economic Profile of Surveyed Households 43

5.2. Impact of ROSC-II on Schooling Outcomes 48

5.2.1. Students' Enrollment Rate 48

5.2.2. School Dropout Rate 49

5.2.3. Impact on Never Been to School Children 50

5.2.4. Impact on Children Who Are Currently Not Studying but Completed at least SSC 51

5.3. Profile of Students Who Studied at ROSC School 51

5.3.1. Background They Come From 51

5.3.2. Current Enrollment Status of ROSC Students 52

5.3.3. Primary Education Completion (PEC) Rate 54

5.3.4. Ananda School Dropout 54

5.4. Correlates of Schooling Outcomes of Children in the Surveyed Village/Community 56

5.4.1. Girls Are Going Better Than Boys 57

5.4.2. Poor Family's Children Are More Likely to Dropout 58

5.4.3. Fathers' Occupation is Important for Child Schooling 60

5.4.4. Educated Mothers Have Educated Children 62

CHAPTER 6. HOW ROSC-II PERFORMED: RESPONSES FROM THE COMMUNITY 64

6.1. Community Perception of Ananda School, Quality of Education, and Quality of Students 64

6.2. Impact of ROSC-II on the Communities/Villages 68

6.3. Overall Evaluation of Ananda Schools by Community/Village Residence 70

CHAPTER 7. URBAN SLUM CHILDREN EDUCATION (USCE) PROGRAMME: AN ASSESSMENT 71

7.1. The Design of the USCE Programme 71

7.2. Target Achievement of the USCE Programme 71

7.3. Impact of ROSC-II on Schooling Outcomes of Slum Children 72

7.3.1. Students' Enrollment Rate 72

7.3.2. School Dropout Rate 72

7.4. Profile of Students Who Studied at ROSC School 73

7.4.1. Current Enrollment Status of ROSC Students 73

7.4.2. Primary Education Completion (PEC) Rate 74

7.4.3. Background of the Out-of-School Children 74

7.4.4. Current Working Status of ROSC Students 75

7.5. Achievement and Success of the USCE Programme 75

7.6. Reasons Behind the Success of the USCE Programme 77

7.7. Challenges Faced by the USCE Programme 77

CHAPTER 8. EVALUATION OF PRE-VOCATIONAL SKILL TRAINING OF ROSC-II 78

8.1. Introduction 78

8.2. Performance of ROSC-II Pre-Vocational Skill Training 79

8.3. PVT Programme and its Achievements 81

8.4. BIDS Field Survey Results 84

CHAPTER 9. WHAT WORKED WELL? WHAT DID NOT? ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES OF ROSC-II 87

9.1. What Worked Well? 87

9.2. What Did Not Work That Well? 89

9.3. Achievements and Successes 91

9.4. Challenges and Limitations 93

9.5. Factors Contributed to the Success of the Project 96

9.6. Lessons Learned: What Could Have Been Done Differently? 98

CHAPTER 10. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 100

10.1. Summary of the Results 100

10.2. Conclusions 102

10.3. Implications for Policy 103

REFERENCES 105

Table 2.1. Share of Out-of-School Children at the Primary Level by Income and Sex 21

Table 4.1. Average Number of Students by Learning Centre Establishment Year (Cohort) 28

Table 4.2. Districts with the Lowest Number of Students Enrolled 29

Table 4.3. Number of Students Present on the Day of Monitoring by Cohort 29

Table 4.4. Number of Learning Centres by Cohort 31

Table 4.5. Number of Learning Centres by District 31

Table 4.6. Distance (Kilometer and Minute) from Nearest Primary School by Cohort 32

Table 4.7. Average Distance (Kilometer) from Nearest Primary School by District 33

Table 4.8. Distance (Minute) from Nearest Primary School by District 33

Table 4.9. Availability of Toilets in the Learning Centre by District 35

Table 4.10. Educational Qualification of Ananda School's Teachers 37

Table 4.11. Foundation Training Experience of Ananda School's Teachers 38

Table 4.12. Refresher's Training Experience of Ananda School's Teachers 38

Table 4.13. Percentage of Special Students in Ananda School 39

Table 4.14. Percentage of Students from Indigenous Community 40

Table 4.15. Top 5 Districts with Highest Number of Students from Indigenous Community 40

Table 4.16. Educational Qualification of Parents of Ananda School Students 41

Table 5.1. Gender of Household Heads by Type of Village/Community 43

Table 5.2. Main Occupation of Household Heads by Type of Village/Community 44

Table 5.3. Educational Qualification of Household Heads by Type of Village/Community 45

Table 5.4. Educational Qualification of Household Heads and Spouses by Type of Village/Community 45

Table 5.5. Household Size by Type of Village/Community 46

Table 5.6. Agriculture Land Ownership by Type of Village/Community 46

Table 5.7. Household Income and Expenditure by Type of Village/Community 47

Table 5.8. Food Intake Status by Type of Village/Community 47

Table 5.9. Percentage of ROSC-Aged Children Currently Attending School 49

Table 5.10. Percentage of ROSC-Aged Children Dropped Out of ROSC School 49

Table 5.11. Percentage of ROSC-Aged Children Dropped Out of Other Schools 49

Table 5.12. Percentage of ROSC-Aged Children Dropped Out of School (All Types) 50

Table 5.13. Percentage of ROSC-Aged Children Never Been to School 50

Table 5.14. Percentage of ROSC-Aged Children Not Studying Currently but Completed at least SSC 51

Table 5.15. Background of ROSC-Students Before Enrolling in ROSC School 52

Table 5.16. Reasons for Sending Students to Ananda Schools 52

Table 5.17. Percentage Distribution of Students Dropped Out Before and After PEC 55

Table 5.18. Current Working Status of ROSC Students Who Are Not Currently Studying 55

Table 5.19. Reasons Behind ROSC School Students Dropped Out of School 56

Table 5.20. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Gender and Students Currently in School 57

Table 5.21. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Gender and Dropped Out Students 57

Table 5.22. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Gender and Never Been to School 57

Table 5.23. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Gender and Students at least Completed SSC and Dropped Out 58

Table 5.24. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Poverty and Students Currently in School 59

Table 5.25. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Poverty and Drop Out Children 59

Table 5.26. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Poverty and Never Been to School Students 59

Table 5.27. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Poverty and at least Completed SSC and Then Drop Out 60

Table 5.28. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Father's Occupation and Currently in School 60

Table 5.29. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Father's Occupation and Drop Out 61

Table 5.30. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Father's Occupation and Never Been to School 61

Table 5.31. Correlates of Schooling Outcome: Father's Occupation and at least Completed SSC and Then Drop Out 61

Table 5.32. Mother's Education of Those Currently Studying 62

Table 5.33. Mother's Education of the Students Dropped Out 62

Table 5.34. Mother's Education of the Children Never Been to School 63

Table 5.35. Mother's Education of the Students Completed at least SSC 63

Table 6.1. Knowledge about Ananda School in Your Village/Area 65

Table 6.2. Community's Perception about the Type of Children Studies in Ananda School 65

Table 6.3. Enrolment Status of Ananda School 65

Table 6.4. Current Status of Those Who Had Passed the PEC Exam 68

Table 6.5. Current Status of Those Who Had Not Passed the PEC Exam 68

Table 6.6. Positive Impact of Ananda School on the Community 70

Table 7.1. Status of Compounds Established in City Corporations 72

Table 7.2. Percentage of ROSC-Aged Children Currently Attending School 72

Table 7.3. Percentage of ROSC-Aged Children Dropped Out of School 73

Table 7.4. Background of ROSC-Students before Enrolling in ROSC School 74

Table 7.5. Current Working Status of ROSC Students Who Are Not Currently Studying 75

Table 8.1. Status of Enrollment in the PVT Programme 78

Table 8.2. Achievement of the PVT Programme 81

Table 8.3. Employment Status of PVT Graduates 82

Table 8.4. Have You Received Training from ROSC's Pre-Vocational Training Centre? 84

Table 8.5. Have You Received Training from ROSC's Pre-Vocational Training Centre? 85

Table 8.6. Have You Received Training from ROSC's Pre-Vocational Training Centre? 85

Table 8.7. If Received Pre-Vocational Training, Which Trade? 85

Table 8.8. Whether Engaged in any Relevant Work 86

Table 8.9. Reasons If Not Engaged in Any Relevant Work 86

Table 8.10. If Received Any Pre-Voc Training, What Are You Doing Now? 86

Table 8.11. What Changed in Your Life as a Result of This Training? 86