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Title page 1

Contents 4

1. Introduction 6

1.1. The issue at stake and the objective of this report 6

2. State of play of research on Artificial Intelligence on our Societies 7

2.1. Mapping research on Artificial Intelligence 7

2.2. Identifying gaps in existing research 8

2.3. Research Recommendations 9

3. Discussion: Artificial Intelligence applications and Implications 11

3.1. The Ethical Implications of AI 11

3.1.1. Artificial Intelligence 12

3.1.2. Machine learning and generative AI 12

3.1.3. Black box AI as a sociotechnical, political, and environmental concern 13

3.2. AI-generated content, accuracy and bad actors 13

3.2.1. AI hallucinations and output veracity 14

3.3. Misinformation and disinformation 15

3.3.1. Transparency 16

3.4. Manipulation, democracy and epistemic rights 16

3.4.1. US dominance and European tech sovereignty 16

3.4.2/3.4.1. Power, democratic backsliding and personalisation 17

Case Study: AI Surveillance and Civil Liberties in Europe (2024-2025) 19

3.4.3/3.4.2. Content authenticity and epistemic rights 20

Case study: Cross-Sectoral Partnerships in Public Service Media 22

3.5. AI, creative practice and intellectual property 22

3.5.1. The impact of AI on creative practitioners 23

3.5.1.1/3.5.1.2. AI, creative practice and copyright implications 23

3.6. Responsible AI 24

3.6.1. Datasets, Bias and discrimination 24

3.6.2. From bias to discrimination 25

Case study: The Allegheny Family Screening Tool 27

3.6.3. Bias Mitigation 27

3.6.4. Synthetic data 28

3.6.5. AI Literacy 28

3.7. Privacy, autonomy and consent 29

3.7.1. Design, manipulation, and emotional AI 30

Data Brokers and Informed Consent 31

3.8. Governance and accountability 31

3.8.1. Embedding the social sciences and humanities 32

Case Study: Embedding Arts and Humanities knowledge into a national AI Ecosystem (BRAID UK) 34

3.8.2/3.8.3. Accountability and AI 34

3.8.3/3.8.4. Multistakeholder engagement and coproduction 35

Case Study: Collaborative open-source AI 36

Case Study: Involving the Voice of Children in AI Policymaking (The Children and AI Project) 37

3.9. AI, Wealth Distribution and Inequality 37

3.9.1. Applications and impacts of AI across the sectors 37

AI affects work everywhere 38

3.9.1.1. The Primary Sector 38

3.9.1.2. The Secondary Sector 39

3.9.1.3. The Tertiary Sector 40

Case Study: Digital Switzerland Strategy 2023 - Collaboration and ethics in an anthropocentric approach 42

3.9.2. The Economic Effects of AI: Productivity, Growth, and Inequality 42

3.9.2.1. Productivity Gains and Economic Growth 43

3.9.2.2. New Sectors and Opportunities 43

3.9.3. Artificial Intelligence and Inequality across the board 43

Case study: Thank You, Mrs. Mary Tsingou - Human Computers and systemic inequalities 44

3.9.3.1. Workforce Polarisation and AI-Driven Inequality 45

3.9.3.2. Ownership and Capital 45

3.9.3.3. Corporate and Global Disparities 46

3.9.3.4. AI and the Dignity of work 46

3.10. AI in Healthcare 47

AI, mental health and emotion 47

3.10.1. Diagnostics 48

3.10.2. The Role of AI in Services and Patient Care 49

3.10.3. Risks of AI in healthcare 49

Case study: The denial of Healthcare Lawsuit 50

3.10.3.1. Issues Regarding Data in healthcare 50

3.10.3.2. Issues with Accountability and Decision-Making 51

3.10.3.3. AI and Trust in healthcare 51

3.11. Open-source as a Game Changer 52

4. Policy Recommendations 53

5. Conclusion 54

6. References 54

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