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Title page 1

Contents 5

ABSTRACT 4

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 9

1. INTRODUCTION 11

2. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS 13

3. PREVIOUS GUIDANCE 16

4. TECHNICAL EVALUATION 21

4.1. Empirical Database 21

4.2. Fuel Cladding Failure Mechanisms 31

4.2.1. High Temperature Cladding Threshold 31

4.2.2. High-Temperature Cladding Failure Threshold Technical Basis 32

4.2.3. Applicability of High-Temperature Failure Threshold 38

4.2.4. Analytical Considerations for High-Temperature Failure Threshold 39

4.3. Hydrogen-Enhanced PCMI Cladding Failure Threshold 40

4.3.1. Hydride Formation and Orientation 40

4.3.2. Impact of Fuel Burnup 44

4.3.3. Impact of Pulse Width 45

4.3.4. Cladding Temperature Effects 46

4.3.5. Mixed Oxide Fuel 47

4.3.6. RG 1.236 PCMI Cladding Failure Threshold 48

4.3.7. Hydrogen Enhanced PCMI Cladding Failure Thresholds Technical Bases 50

4.3.8. Applicability of PCMI Failure Thresholds 58

4.3.9. Analytical Considerations 60

4.4. Molten Fuel Failure Threshold 60

4.5. Allowable Limits on Damaged Core Coolability 60

4.5.1. Regulatory Guide 1.236 Core Coolability Criteria 60

4.5.2. Molten Fuel and Core Coolability Technical Basis 61

4.6. Allowable Limits on Radiological Consequences 64

4.7. Allowable Limits on Reactor Coolant System Pressure 64

4.8. Transient Fission Gas Release 64

5. CONCLUSIONS 67

6. REFERENCES 68

Tables 8

Table 4-1. Extent of Empirical Database 22

Table 4-2. Data Set Results 35

Table 4-3. Pulse Width Variability 45

Figures 6

Figure 1-1. Fuel Response to a Rapid Reactivity Insertion 12

Figure 2-1. INEEL Safety Poster 13

Figure 3-1. PWR PCMI Cladding Failure Threshold 20

Figure 3-2. BWR PCMI Cladding Failure Threshold 20

Figure 4-1. Reported Peak and Failed Fuel Enthalpy versus Burnup 23

Figure 4-2. Reported Peak and Failed Fuel Enthalpy versus Pulse Width 24

Figure 4-3. Reported Peak and Failed Fuel Enthalpy versus Oxide/Wall Ratio 25

Figure 4-4. Reported Peak and Failed Fuel Enthalpy Rise versus Burnup 26

Figure 4-5. Reported Peak and Failed Fuel Enthalpy Rise versus Cladding Hydrogen 27

Figure 4-6. Transient Fission Gas Release versus Burnup 28

Figure 4-7. Transient Fission Gas Release versus Pulse Width 29

Figure 4-8. Transient Fission Gas Release versus Total Fuel Enthalpy Rise 30

Figure 4-9. High-Temperature Cladding Failure Threshold 32

Figure 4-10. High Burnup Ballooning Failures 33

Figure 4-11. Non-PCMI Empirical Database-Peak Fuel Enthalpy versus Burnup 33

Figure 4-12. Non-PCMI Empirical Database-Peak Fuel Enthalpy versus Differential Pressure 34

Figure 4-13. High-Temperature Cladding Failure Threshold in Context 37

Figure 4-14. Hydride Orientation and Distribution in Various High Burnup Claddings 41

Figure 4-15. Comparison of EPRI's CSED(TE) correlations for Zircaloy-4 and Zircaloy-2 at CZP 42

Figure 4-16. NSRR RXA vs. SRA fuel enthalpy rise 43

Figure 4-17. Comparison of EPRI's CSED(TE) and PNNL's Temperature Scaling Factors 47

Figure 4-18. PCMI Cladding Failure Threshold-RXA Cladding at or Above 260℃ (500°F) 48

Figure 4-19. PCMI Cladding Failure Threshold-SRA Cladding at or Above 260℃ (500°F) 49

Figure 4-20. PCMI Cladding Failure Threshold-RXA Cladding Below 260℃ (500°F) 49

Figure 4-21. PCMI Cladding Failure Threshold-SRA Cladding Below 260℃ (500°F) 50

Figure 4-22. Comparison of SRA Cladding HZP PCMI Failure Thresholds 52

Figure 4-23. Comparison of SRA Cladding CZP PCMI Failure Thresholds 52

Figure 4-24. Comparison of RXA Cladding HZP PCMI Failure Thresholds 53

Figure 4-25. Comparison of RXA Cladding CZP PCMI Failure Thresholds 53

Figure 4-26. Modified Exponential Function Curve Fit for RXA Cladding at CZP 55

Figure 4-27. EPRI CSED for Zircaloy-4 (SRA) 56

Figure 4-28. Data Adjustment for RXA Cladding with a Liner 58

Figure 4-29. Reported Fuel Dispersal During Prompt Power Excursions 64

Figure 4-30. Transient Fission Gas Release Correlations 66

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