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Title page 1

Contents 6

ABSTRACT 4

FOREWORD 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 12

1. INTRODUCTION 13

1.1. Motivation 13

1.2. Scope of the Report 14

2. TRIOCFD FOR THE MULTI-SCALE COUPLING SYSTEM 15

2.1. Overview of TrioCFD 15

2.2. The Interface for Code Coupling (ICoCo) 17

3. TRACE FOR THE MULTI-SCALE COUPLING SYSTEM 20

3.1. Overview of TRACE 20

3.2. The Development of ICoCo for TRACE 20

a) Development of the MED-Format Mesh for TRACE 20

b) Development of the ICoCo Functional Components for TRACE 22

3.3. The Dynamic-Implicit-Additional-Source (DIAS) Method for TRACE 25

a) Coolant Velocity and Pressure Correlation 25

b) Coolant Temperature 26

c) Boron Concentration 28

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ICOCO-BASED COUPLING OF TRACE AND TRIOCFD 30

4.1. The Data Transfer Between TRACE and TrioCFD Thermal-Hydraulic Domain 30

4.2. System The Explicit Temporal Coupling of TRACE/TrioCFD 33

5. VALIDATION OF THE COUPLED CODE 35

5.1. Description of the VVER-1000 Coolant Mixing Experiment 35

5.2. Description of the Thermal-Hydraulic Models of TRACE and TrioCFD 37

5.3. Discussion of the Selected Results 39

6. CONCLUSION 45

7. OUTLOOK 46

8. REFERENCES 47

APPENDIX A. COMPARISON OF THE CFD CODES ACCORDING TO THE MULTI-SCALE DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE SCOPE OF THIS REPORT 51

APPENDIX B. COMPARISON OF ICOCO AND ECI ACCORDING TO THE MULTI-SCALE DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE SCOPE OF THIS REPORT 55

APPENDIX C. MODIFICATION AND NEW ROUTINES TO TRACE FOR ICOCO DEVELOPMENT 59

Tables 10

Table 2-1. Some of the Main Functions Defined by ICoCo 19

Table 3-1. The ICoCo Functions for TRACE 22

Table 5-1. Main Initial Operating Parameters Before Test 36

Figures 8

Figure 2-1. Trio_U: Brick Software 15

Figure 2-2. TrioCFD and the TRUST Platform as Base as Well as Other Main Projects Based on TRUST 16

Figure 2-3. The Coupled Codes TRACE/TrioCFD with ICoCo Coordinated by the Supervisor 18

Figure 3-1. MED Normal-Cell-Mesh of TRACE for VVER-1000 Reactor 21

Figure 3-2. MED Tetra-Cell-Mesh of TRACE for VVER-1000 Reactor 21

Figure 3-3. MED Edge-Mesh of TRACE for VVER-1000 Reactor 22

Figure 3-4. The Original Structure of TRACE with One Executable 24

Figure 3-5. The Structure of TRACE with Newly Developed Fortran Subroutines and the C++ ICoCo Wrapper 24

Figure 3-6. The TRACE SETS Numeric Which Contains Two Iteration Loops 27

Figure 4-1. Geometric Structure of the Normal-Cell Mesh (a), Tetrahedron-Cell Mesh (b), and Edge Mesh (c) for TRACE 30

Figure 4-2. Downcomer Mesh of TrioCFD for Demonstration of Data Flow Within the Coupled Code TRACE/TrioCFD 31

Figure 4-3. The Data Flow for Hydraulic Correlations Between TRACE and TrioCFD Within the Coupling System 32

Figure 4-4. The Data Flow for Coolant Temperature and Boron Concentration Correlations Between TRACE and TrioCFD Within the Coupling 33

Figure 4-5. Schematics of the Execution of the Explicit Temporal Coupling Scheme of TRACE/TrioCFD based on ICoCo 34

Figure 5-1. Vessel Cross-Sectional Sketch of VVER-1000 Including the Vessel Inlet and Outlet 35

Figure 5-2. Measured Evolution of the Coolant Temperature at Cold Legs During the Transient of the VVER-1000 Coolant Mixing Benchmark 36

Figure 5-3. Measured Evolution of the Coolant Temperature at Hot Legs During the Transient of the VVER-1000 Coolant Mixing Benchmark 36

Figure 5-4. TrioCFD Downcomer-Mesh of the VVER-1000 Coolant Mixing Benchmark for the Validation of TRACE/TrioCFD-ICoCo 37

Figure 5-5. TRACE Model of the VVER-1000 Coolant Mixing Benchmark for the Validation of TRACE/TrioCFD-ICoCo 37

Figure 5-6. The Assembled Meshes of TRACE and TrioCFD of the VVER-1000 Coolant Mixing Benchmark for the Validation of TRACE/TrioCFD-ICoCo 38

Figure 5-7. Real Unsymmetrically Assembled Meshes for the Validation of TRACE/TrioCFD-ICoCo 38

Figure 5-8. Idealized Symmetrically Assembled Meshes for the Validation of TRACE/TrioCFD-ICoCo 38

Figure 5-9. The Coolant Temperature Distribution in the Downcomer on Meshes of TRACE and TrioCFD 39

Figure 5-10. The Pressure Distribution in the Downcomer on Meshes of TRACE and TrioCFD 40

Figure 5-11. The Coolant Velocity Distribution in the Downcomer on Meshes of TRACE and TrioCFD 40

Figure 5-12. Comparison of Calculated Coolant Temperatures at the Hot-Legs of TRACE, TRACE/TrioCFD with the Measured Data 41

Figure 5-13. Computed Coolant Mass Flow Rate Distribution at the Downcomer Outlet of TRACE Standalone and TRACE Within the Coupled Code 42

Figure 5-14. The Coolant Temperature Distribution at the Downcomer Outlet of TRACE Standalone and TRACE Within the Coupled Code 43

Figure 5-15. The Coolant Temperature Distribution at the Core Outlet Predicted by TRACE Standalone at the End of the Problem 44

Figure 5-16. The Coolant Temperature Distribution at the Core Outlet Predicted by TRACE/TrioCFD at the End of the Problem 44

Figure 5-17. The Measured Coolant Temperature Distribution at the Core Outlet 44

Appendix Tables 54

Table A-1. Total Score of CFD Software Comparison 54

Table B-1. Total Score of Interface Comparison 57

Table C-1. Modifications and New Subroutines to TRACE in TRACE/TrioCFD-ICoCo 59

Appendix Figures 55

Figure B-1. Working Mechanism of ECI 55

Figure B-2. Working Mechanism of ICoCo 55

Figure B-3. ICoCo Coupling Options 58