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Title page 1

Contents 10

ABSTRACT 4

PREFACE 5

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 22

ABBREVIATIONS 23

1. INFORMATION DISPLAYS 25

1.1. General Display Guidelines 31

1.2. Display Formats 40

1.2.1. Continuous Text Displays 40

1.2.2. Tables and Lists 42

1.2.3. Information Forms and Fields 45

1.2.4. Bar Charts and Histograms 48

1.2.5. Graphs 50

1.2.6. Pie Charts 55

1.2.7. Flowcharts 55

1.2.8. Mimics and Diagrams 56

1.2.9. Maps 57

1.2.10. Integral and Configural Formats 59

1.2.11. Graphic Instrument Panels 61

1.2.12. Speech Displays 61

1.3. Display Elements 63

1.3.1. Alphanumeric Characters 63

1.3.2. Abbreviations and Acronyms 64

1.3.3. Labels 65

1.3.4. Icons and Symbols 66

1.3.5. Numeric Data 68

1.3.6. Scales, Axes, and Grids 68

1.3.7. Borders, Lines, and Arrows 73

1.3.8. Color 73

1.3.9. Size, Shape, and Pattern Coding 78

1.3.10. Highlighting by Brightness and Flashing 79

1.3.11. Auditory Coding 80

1.4. Information Update Rate 83

1.5. Display Pages 84

2. USER-INTERFACE INTERACTION AND MANAGEMENT 88

2.1. General User Input Guidelines 101

2.2. User Input Formats 114

2.2.1. Command Language 114

2.2.2. Menus 117

2.2.3. Function Keys 128

2.2.4. Macros/Programmable Function Keys 130

2.2.5. Forms 131

2.2.6. Direct Manipulation 133

2.2.7. Natural Language 138

2.2.8. Query Language 138

2.2.9. Question and Answer 139

2.2.10. Speech 140

2.3. Cursors 142

2.3.1. Appearance 142

2.3.2. Controls 143

2.3.3. Movement 143

2.3.4. Multiple Cursors 145

2.3.5. Pointing Cursors 146

2.3.6. Text Entry Cursors 147

2.3.7. Multiple Display Devices 147

2.4. System Response 148

2.4.1. Prompts 148

2.4.2. Feedback 149

2.4.3. System Response Time 149

2.5. Managing Displays 151

2.5.1. Display Selection and Navigation 151

2.5.2. Windows 159

2.5.3. Display Control 165

2.5.4. Display Update or Freeze 166

2.5.5. Display Suppression 167

2.5.6. Scrolling and Paging 167

2.5.7. Automated Actions 169

2.6. Managing Information 170

2.6.1. Editing Documents 170

2.6.2. Saving Files 175

2.6.3. Temporary Editing Buffer 176

2.6.4. Excerpt File 176

2.7. User Assistance 177

2.7.1. General 177

2.7.2. Advisory Messages 178

2.7.3. Error Messages 179

2.7.4. Validating User Input 180

2.7.5. Confirming Entries 182

2.7.6. Protecting Data 183

2.7.7. Correcting Information and Command Entries 185

2.7.8. User Guidance or Help 186

2.8. Interface Flexibility 188

2.9. System Security 191

2.9.1. User Identification 191

2.9.2. Information Access 193

3. ANALOG CONTROL AND DISPLAY DEVICES 195

3.1. Analog Control Devices 198

3.1.1. General Control Guidelines 198

3.1.2. Pushbuttons 203

3.1.3. Slide Switches 206

3.1.4. Toggle Switches 208

3.1.5. Rocker Switches 208

3.1.6. Rotary Controls 210

3.1.7. Manual Valves 216

3.2. Analog Display Devices 216

3.2.1. Meters 216

3.2.2. Light Indicators 217

3.2.3. Numeric Readouts 219

3.2.4. Valve Position Indication 219

4. ALARM SYSTEMS 221

4.1. Alarm Definition and Treatment 231

4.1.1. Alarm Definition 231

4.1.2. Alarm Processing 233

4.1.3. Alarm Prioritization and Message Availability 235

4.1.4. Alarm Routing 236

4.1.5. Alarm Recording 237

4.2. Information Display 237

4.2.1. General Alarm Display Guidelines 237

4.2.2. Display of High-Priority Alarms 238

4.2.3. Display of Alarm Status 238

4.2.4. Display of Shared Alarms 239

4.2.5. Alarm Contents 240

4.2.6. Coding Methods 242

4.2.7. Spatially Dedicated, Continuously Visible Alarm Displays 248

4.2.8. Alarm Message Lists 249

4.2.9. Alarms Integrated into Other Displays 250

4.3. User-System Interaction and Controls 251

4.3.1. General Alarm Control Guidelines 251

4.3.2. Silence Functions 252

4.3.3. Acknowledge Controls 252

4.3.4. Reset Functions 253

4.3.5. Alarm Management 253

4.3.6. Automatic Features 254

4.3.7. Control Devices 255

4.4. Reliability, Test, Maintenance, and Failure Indication Features 255

4.4.1. Reliability 255

4.4.2. Test 256

4.4.3. Maintenance 257

4.4.4. Failure Indication 258

4.5. Alarm Response Procedures 258

4.6. Control-Display Integration and Layout 259

4.7. Integration with Other HSI Elements 260

5. SAFETY PARAMETER DISPLAY SYSTEM 262

5.1. Information Display 267

5.2. Reliability, Test, Maintenance, and Failure Indication 271

5.3. Integration with Other HSI Elements 272

6. LARGE-PANEL HUMAN-SYSTEM INTERFACES 273

6.1. General LPHSI Guidelines 274

6.2. Interaction with LPHSIs 275

7. SOFT CONTROL SYSTEMS 277

7.1. General Guidelines 290

7.2. Selection Displays 291

7.3. Control Displays 292

7.3.1. General Characteristics of Control Displays 292

7.3.2. Information Provided in Control Displays 293

7.3.3. Types of Control Inputs 295

7.3.4. Sequential Actions 297

7.3.5. Higher Level Controls 299

7.3.6. Modes 299

7.3.7. Coordination of Multiple Users 300

7.4. Feedback 301

7.5. Warning Messages 302

7.6. Confirmation Steps 302

7.7. Cancel and Undo Features 303

7.8. System Validation of Control Inputs 303

7.9. Delay of System Response to Control Inputs 304

7.10. Interlocks, Lockouts, and Lockins 304

7.11. Soft Control Failure 305

8. COMPUTER-BASED PROCEDURE SYSTEMS 306

8.1. Information Display 312

8.1.1. Procedure Identification 312

8.1.2. Basic Steps 313

8.1.3. Warnings, Cautions, Notes, and Reference Materials 314

8.1.4. Lists 314

8.1.5. Organization of Procedures 315

8.1.6. Formatting and Screen Layout 315

8.2. Functional Capabilities 316

8.2.1. Procedure Supervision and Control 316

8.2.2. Procedure Monitoring and Assessment 317

8.2.3. Monitoring User Actions 318

8.2.4. Planning and Implementation 319

8.3. User-System Interaction 319

8.3.1. Path Monitoring 319

8.3.2. Navigation 319

8.3.3. Help 320

8.4. CBP Hardware 320

8.5. Backup for CBPs 320

8.6. CBP Integration with Other HSI Elements 321

9. AUTOMATION SYSTEMS 322

9.1. Automation Displays 327

9.2. Alerts, Notifications, and Status Indications 329

9.3. Interaction and Control 330

9.4. Automation Modes 331

9.5. Automation Levels 332

9.5.1. Shared Control 332

9.5.2. Operation by Consent 333

9.5.3. Operation by Exception 333

9.6. Adaptive Automation 333

9.7. Computerized Operator Support Systems (COSS) 334

9.8. HSI Integration 335

10. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 336

10.1. General Communication Guidelines 339

10.2. Speech-Based Communications 340

10.2.1. General Guidance for Speech-Based Communication Systems 340

10.2.2. Microphones 342

10.2.3. Headsets, Handsets, and Speakers 342

10.2.4. Traditional Analog Telephone Systems 344

10.2.5. Sound-Powered Telephone Systems 345

10.2.6. Portable Radio Transceivers 346

10.2.7. Announcing Systems 347

10.2.8. Other Communication Systems 347

10.3. Text-Based Communications 348

10.3.1. General Guidance for Text-Based Communication Systems 348

10.3.2. Preparing Messages 349

10.3.3. Sending Messages 349

10.3.4. Receiving Messages 351

11. WORKSTATION DESIGN 354

11.1. General Workstation Guidelines 360

11.1.1. Configuration and Posture Support 360

11.1.2. User Safety 361

11.2. Workstations Containing Primarily Analog HSIs 364

11.2.1. Analog Workstation Configuration 364

11.2.2. Panel Layout 367

11.2.3. Control-Display Integration 372

11.3. Workstations Containing Primarily Computer-Based HSIs 377

11.3.1. Visual Display Devices 377

11.3.2. Computer Input Devices 386

11.3.3. Hand-Held Devices 401

11.3.4. Desktops and Work Surfaces 401

11.3.5. Workstation Support Devices 403

11.4. Workstation Labeling and Demarcations 405

11.4.1. Labels 405

11.4.2. Demarcations 411

11.5. Chairs and Footrests 411

11.5.1. General Seating Guidance 411

11.5.2. Seat Pan 412

11.5.3. Backrest 413

11.5.4. Chair Surfaces 413

11.5.5. Armrests 414

11.5.6. Chair Headrest 414

11.5.7. Chair Pedestal/Legs 415

11.5.8. Casters 415

11.5.9. Temporary Seating 415

11.5.10. Footrests 416

11.5.11. Clearance Behind Seated Workstations 417

11.6. Printers, Recorders, and Plotters 417

12. WORKPLACE DESIGN 420

12.1. Control Rooms 426

12.1.1. Control Room Configuration 426

12.1.2. Control Room Environment 439

12.2. Local Control Stations 451

12.2.1. Local Control Station Configuration 451

12.2.2. Local Control Station Environment 456

13. MAINTAINABILITY OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS 467

13.1. General 470

13.1.1. Minimizing Maintenance Demands 470

13.1.2. Continuous Operation and Online Maintenance 473

13.1.3. Supporting the Operator Role in Maintenance 473

13.1.4. Protecting Personnel from Hazards 474

13.1.5. Protecting Equipment and Components from Hazards 475

13.2. Instrument Cabinets and Racks 475

13.3. Equipment Packaging 476

13.3.1. General 476

13.3.2. Modularization 476

13.3.3. Layout 479

13.3.4. Mounting 480

13.4. Fuses and Circuit Breakers 481

13.5. Labeling and Marking 482

13.6. Adjustment Controls 484

13.7. Test Points and Service Points 486

13.7.1. General 486

13.7.2. Location, Arrangement, and Marking 486

13.7.3. Accessibility 487

13.8. Test Equipment 488

13.8.1. General 488

13.8.2. Automatic Test Equipment 489

13.8.3. Test Equipment Hardware 492

14. DEGRADED HSI AND I&C CONDITIONS 494

14.1. HSIs for Monitoring I&C System Conditions 497

14.2. HSI Response to I&C System Changes 498

14.3. Information Source and Validity 499

14.4. Backup of HSI and I&C Failures 500

15. INTEGRATION OF HSI RESOURCES 501

15.1. HSI Support for Monitoring, Detection, and Situation Assessment 511

15.1.1. General Principles 511

15.1.2. Overview HSIs 513

15.1.3. Detailed HSIs 514

15.1.4. Interface Management Features 516

15.2. HSI Support for Response Planning and Implementation 519

15.2.1. Planning and Implementation Functions 519

15.2.2. HSI Contents 519

15.3. HSI Support for Teamwork and Crew Coordination 521

15.3.1. Group-View HSI Function 521

15.3.2. Identification of Participants 522

15.3.3. Group-View HSI Interactions 523

15.3.4. Individual-View HSIs 525

APPENDIX A. HIGH-LEVEL HSI DESIGN REVIEW PRINCIPLES 526

APPENDIX B. DESIGN PROCESS GUIDELINES 530

APPENDIX C. CHANGES MADE IN NUREG-0700 REVISIONS 3 AND 4 553

APPENDIX D. GLOSSARY 571

Tables 20

Table 1.1. Display Formats for Representative User Tasks 31

Table 1.2. Index Heights for Various Viewing Distances 69

Table 1.3. Associations and Related Characteristics for Colors Typically Used in Panel Design 74

Table 1.4. Representative Set of Candidate Colors for Use in Panel Design 75

Table 1.5. Information Grouping Principles 86

Table 2.1. Dialogue Formats for Representative User Tasks 102

Table 2.2. Functions for the Control of Processing Commands 110

Table 2.3. Functions for the Control of Entering Information 110

Table 2.4. Maximum and Preferred System Response Times 150

Table 2.5. Reducing Navigation Demands in Large Displays 157

Table 2.6. Uses of HSI Flexibility 189

Table 3.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Types of Coding 202

Table 4.1. Alarm Processing Techniques 223

Table 4.2. Shared Alarm Considerations 240

Table 5.1. Examples of Safety Functions (In Italics) and Parameters for a Variety of Plant Types 267

Table 7.1. Different Types of Interruptions and Terminations for Transaction Sequences 298

Table 8.1. Levels of Automation of Procedure Functions 310

Table 9.1. Levels of Automation for NPP Applications 324

Table 10.1. Intelligibility Criteria for Voice Communication Systems 341

Table 11.1. Appropriate Use from Various Workstation Configurations 360

Table 11.2. Maximum Surface Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit (Celsius) as a Function of Material and Contact Time 362

Table 11.3. Corners and Edges 363

Table 11.4. Anthropometric Data Used to Set Limits for Equipment Dimensions 364

Table 11.5. Minimum Separation Distances for Controls (See Figure 11.4) 371

Table 11.6. Control and Input Devices for Human-Computer Interaction 394

Table 11.7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Touch-Screen Use 399

Table 11.8. Input Device Surface Height 404

Table 11.9. Input Device Surface Tilt Angles 404

Table 11.10. Relative Legibility of Color Combinations 410

Table 12.1. Nominal Illumination Levels for Various Tasks And Work Areas 443

Table 12.2. Maximum Task Area Luminance Ratios 444

Table 12.3. Recommended Workplace Reflectance Levels 445

Table 12.4. Surface Color Reflectance Values 445

Table 12.5. Minimum and Preferred Character Heights for Various Viewing Distances 453

Table 12.6. Ranges of WBGT In °c (°f) for Different Ranges of Stay Times 457

Table 12.7. Stay Times in Minutes (or Hours "H") for Different Wbgts 458

Table 12.8. Range of Recommended Illuminances 460

Table 12.9. Recommended Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors 463

Figures 17

Figure 1.1. Information Display Characterization General Display Guidelines (Data Quality and Update Rates Not Shown) 25

Figure 1.2. Placement of Heading Above Information Fields 47

Figure 1.3. Placement of Heading Adjacent to Information Fields 47

Figure 1.4. Example of a Horizontal Bar Chart 49

Figure 1.5. Example of a Deviation Bar Chart 49

Figure 1.6. Example of a Segmented Bar Chart 50

Figure 1.7. Example of a Linear Profile Chart 53

Figure 1.8. Example of a Segmented Curve Graph 54

Figure 1.9. Example of a Mimic Display 56

Figure 1.10. Graduation Dimensions in Inches (Millimeters) for a 3-Foot (0.9 Meter) Viewing Distance 69

Figure 2.1. Examples of Menu Structures 124

Figure 2.2. Layered and Tiled Windows 159

Figure 2.3. Example of Different Applications with Separate Menu Bars 163

Figure 2.4. Example of Figure Animation 164

Figure 2.5. Examples of Open Window Indications 165

Figure 3.1. Control Operation Stereotypes for the U.S. Population 200

Figure 3.2. Easily Identified (Discriminated) Shapes 203

Figure 3.3. Recommended Dimensions for Unguarded and Nonrecessed Pushbuttons 204

Figure 3.4. Recommended Dimensions for Legend Pushbuttons 206

Figure 3.5. Recommended Dimensions for Slide Switches 207

Figure 3.6. Recommended Dimensions for Toggle Switches 208

Figure 3.7. Recommended Dimensions for Rocker Switches 209

Figure 3.8. Shape-Coded Rotary Controls 210

Figure 3.9. High-Torque J-Handle Dimensions 211

Figure 3.10. Key-Operated Control Dimensions 212

Figure 3.11. Recommended Dimensions for Rotary Controls with Finger Stops and Skirts 213

Figure 3.12. Recommended Dimensions for Discrete Thumbwheel Controls 214

Figure 3.13. Recommended Dimensions for Rotary Selector Switches 215

Figure 3.14. Zone Markings 217

Figure 4.1. Alarms Integrated into A Process Display 251

Figure 7.1. Two Typical Displays for Selecting Items to Be Controlled 282

Figure 7.2. Soft Control Input Field That Is Integral with Selection Display 283

Figure 7.3. Soft Control Input Field in a Window Within the Selection Display 284

Figure 7.4. Selection Display and Control Display on Separate Devices 284

Figure 7.5. Implementation of Soft Sliders 296

Figure 7.6. Example of a Higher Level Control 299

Figure 11.1. Seated Posture Variations 361

Figure 11.2. Line of Sight 366

Figure 11.3. Example of A Mirror-Image Arrangement Of Controls And Displays 369

Figure 11.4. Measurement Of Minimum Separation Between Controls (distances shown in Table 11.5) 370

Figure 11.5. Position of Control Actuator and Associated Display 373

Figure 11.6. Association by Grouping 373

Figure 11.7. Controls and Displays in Rows 375

Figure 11.8. Two Rows of Displays with a Single Row of Controls 376

Figure 11.9. Basic QWERTY Layout on a Conventional Keyboard 388

Figure 11.10. Two Numeric Keypad Layouts 388

Figure 11.11. Four Cursor Control Key Layouts 389

Figure 11.12. Example of Good Panel Labeling 406

Figure 11.13. Demarcation Lines 411

Figure 11.14. Swing-Away Seat for Short-Term Use 415

Figure 12.1. Hinged Door Dimensions 427

Figure 12.2. Spacing of Equipment to Accommodate Seated Users 429

Figure 12.3. Equipment-To-Equipment Distances: Single Person And More-Than-One-Person Spaces 430

Figure 12.4. Minimum Ventilation Requirements 441

Figure 12.5. Oral Communication Level as a Function of Distance and Ambient Noise Level 449

Figure 12.6. Acceptable Reverberation Times 451

Figure 12.7. Permissible Noise Exposure Limits for Use of Hearing Protectors 462

Figure 14.1. Characterization of the I&C System, the HSI, and Human Performance 495

Figure 15.1. Tasks and Processes Supporting Human Performance 501

Figure 15.2. Vertical Slice Through an LLWR Plant's Functional Hierarchy for Ensuring Safety 505

Appendix Tables 21

Table A.1. Design Review Principles 526

Table B.1. Examples of Deficiencies in Paper-Based Procedures 537

Table B.2. General Principles for Human-Automation Interaction 542

Table C.1. Source of NUREG-0700, Rev. 3, Section 3, Review Guidelines 554

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