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Title page 1

Contents 6

ABSTRACT 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 19

1. INTRODUCTION 23

1.1. Proposed Federal Action 24

1.2. Purpose and Need for the Proposed Federal Action 25

1.3. Major Environmental Review Milestones 25

1.4. Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Federal Action 26

1.5. Site-Specific Environmental Impact Statement 27

1.6. Decisions to Be Supported by the EIS 28

1.7. Cooperating Agencies 28

1.8. Consultations 28

1.9. Correspondence 29

1.10. Status of Compliance 29

1.11. Related State and Federal Activities 29

2. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES AND MITIGATING ACTIONS 30

2.1. Introduction 30

2.2. Land Use 35

2.2.1. Onsite Land Use 35

2.2.2. Offsite Land Use 35

2.2.3. Offsite Land Use in Transmission Line Rights-of-Way 36

2.3. Visual Resources 37

2.3.1. Aesthetic Impacts 37

2.4. Air Quality 37

2.4.1. Air Quality Impacts 37

2.4.2. Air Quality Effects of Transmission Lines 38

2.5. Noise 39

2.5.1. Noise Impacts 39

2.6. Geologic Environment 39

2.6.1. Geology and Soils 40

2.7. Surface Water Resources 40

2.7.1. Surface Water Use and Quality (Non-Cooling System Impacts) 40

2.7.2. Discharge of Metals in Cooling System Effluent 42

2.7.3. Discharge of Biocides, Sanitary Wastes, and Minor Chemical Spills 43

2.7.4. Effects of Dredging on Surface Water Quality 44

2.8. Groundwater Resources 44

2.8.1. Groundwater Contamination and Use (Non-Cooling System Impacts) 44

2.8.2. Groundwater Use Conflicts and Groundwater Quality Degradation Resulting from Water Withdrawals 46

2.8.3. Groundwater Quality Degradation (Plants with Cooling Ponds in Salt Marshes) 53

2.9. Terrestrial Resources 69

2.9.1. Exposure of Terrestrial Organisms to Radionuclides 69

2.9.2. Cooling System Impacts on Terrestrial Resources (Plants with Once-Through Cooling Systems or Cooling Ponds) 72

2.9.3. Bird Collisions with Plant Structures and Transmission Lines 74

2.9.4. Transmission Line Right-of-Way Management Impacts on Terrestrial Resources 75

2.9.5. Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Flora and Fauna (Plants, Agricultural Crops, Honeybees, Wildlife, Livestock) 76

2.10. Aquatic Resources 77

2.10.1. Entrainment of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton 77

2.10.2. Infrequently Reported Thermal Impacts 79

2.10.3. Effects of Cooling Water Discharge on Dissolved Oxygen, Gas Supersaturation, and Eutrophication 81

2.10.4. Effects of Nonradiological Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms 84

2.10.5. Exposure of Aquatic Organisms to Radionuclides 85

2.10.6. Effects of Dredging on Aquatic Organisms 87

2.10.7. Effects on Aquatic Resources (Non-Cooling System Impacts) 88

2.10.8. Impacts of Transmission Line Right-of-Way Management on Aquatic Resources 89

2.10.9. Losses from Predation, Parasitism, and Disease Among Organisms Exposed to Sublethal Stresses 90

2.11. Federally Protected Ecological Resources 92

2.12. Socioeconomics 100

2.12.1. Employment and Income, Recreation and Tourism 100

2.12.2. Tax Revenues 101

2.12.3. Community Services and Education 103

2.12.4. Population and Housing 105

2.12.5. Transportation 107

2.13. Human Health 108

2.13.1. Radiation Exposures to the Public 109

2.13.2. Radiation Exposures to Plant Workers 110

2.13.3. Human Health Impact from Chemicals 110

2.13.4. Microbiological Hazards to Plant Workers 110

2.13.5. Physical Occupational Hazards 111

2.14. Postulated Accidents 111

2.14.1. Design Basis Accidents 111

2.14.2. Severe Accidents 114

2.15. Waste Management 115

2.15.1. Low-Level Waste Storage and Disposal 115

2.15.2. Onsite Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel 115

2.15.3. Offsite Radiological Impacts of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Waste Disposal 116

2.15.4. Mixed-Waste Storage and Disposal 116

2.15.5. Nonradioactive Waste Storage and Disposal 117

2.16. Uranium Fuel Cycle 117

2.16.1. Offsite Radiological Impacts - Individual Impacts from Other than the Disposal of Spent Fuel and High-Level Waste 118

2.16.2. Offsite Radiological Impacts - Collective Impacts from Other than the Disposal of Spent Fuel and High-Level Waste 118

2.16.3. Nonradiological Impacts of the Uranium Fuel Cycle 119

2.16.4. Transportation 119

2.17. Termination of Nuclear Power Plant Operations and Decommissioning 120

2.17.1. Termination of Plant Operations and Decommissioning 120

3. CONCLUSION 121

3.1. Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Federal Action 121

3.2. Comparison of Alternatives 121

3.3. Recommendation 122

4. REFERENCES 123

5. LIST OF PREPARERS 139

6. LIST OF AGENCIES, ORGANIZATIONS, AND PERSONS TO WHOM COPIES OF THIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ARE SENT 141

APPENDIX A. COMMENTS RECEIVED ON THE TURKEY POINT NUCLEAR GENERATING UNITS 3 AND 4 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 142

APPENDIX B. CONSULTATION CORRESPONDENCE 204

APPENDIX C. CHRONOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW CORRESPONDENCE 208

APPENDIX D. SEVERE ACCIDENTS 209

APPENDIX E. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND IMPACT FINDINGS CONTAINED IN THE PROPOSED RULE, 10 CFR PART 51,... 217

Tables 10

Table ES-1. Summary of the Site-Specific Conclusions Regarding Turkey Point Subsequent License Renewal Made in This Environmental Impact Statement 14

Table ES-2. Summary of the Site-Specific Conclusions Regarding Turkey Point Subsequent License Renewal Made in the Final Supplemental... 16

Table 2-1. Site-Specific Conclusions Regarding Turkey Point Subsequent License Renewal Made in This Environmental Impact Statement 31

Table 2-2. Site-Specific Conclusions Regarding Turkey Point Subsequent License Renewal Made in the Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement 33

Table 2-3. Estimated Air Pollutant Emissions (tons/year) from Turkey Point Units 3 and 4 38

Table 2-4. Turkey Point Groundwater Withdrawal Wells 47

Table 2-5. Revised Estimates of Percent Change in Hypersaline Plume Volume since 2018 (All Layers) 59

Table 2-6. Average Tritium Concentrations at Sampling Sites Near Southern Extent of Miami Cave Crayfish Habitat 95

Table 2-7. Miami-Dade County Total Operating Revenues, Miami-Dade County School Board Revenues, and Turkey Point Units 3 and 4... 102

Table 2-8. Miami-Dade County Public School District Class Limits and Average Class Size 105

Table 2-9. Population and Percent Growth in Miami-Dade County, 1990-2070 106

Table 2-10. Housing in Miami-Dade County, 2021 Estimates 106

Table 2-11. Peak Hour Traffic, Reserve Capacity, and Level of Service at Roads in the Vicinity of the Turkey Point Site 108

Table 5-1. List of Preparers 139

Table 6-1. List of Agencies, Organizations, and Persons to Whom Copies of this Environmental Impact Statement Are Sent 141

Figures 9

Figure 1-1. Environmental Review Process 26

Figure 2-1. Compliance Area, Recovery Well System, and Monitoring Wells West and North of the Cooling Canal System 50

Figure 2-2. Turkey Point Freshening Well Locations 52

Figure 2-3. Estimated Cooling Canal System Water Budget (MGD) for June 2017 through May 2023 55

Figure 2-4. Cooling Canal System Salinity Time Series 56

Figure 2-5. Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound Daily Average Salinity Time Series 56

Figure 2-6. Aerial Electromagnetic Flight Lines from 2023 Study Represented by Black Lines, and Orange Lines Representing Monitoring Well Locations and... 58

Figure 2-7. Comparison of the 2018 and 2023 Inland Extent of Hypersaline Groundwater (19,000 mg/L Chloride Isochlor) in the Shallow Monitoring Well Horizon 60

Figure 2-8. Comparison of the 2018 and 2023 Inland Extent of Hypersaline Groundwater (19,000 mg/L Chloride Isochlor) in the Middle Monitoring Well Horizon 61

Figure 2-9. Comparison of the 2018 and 2023 Inland Extent of Hypersaline Groundwater (19,000 mg/L Chloride Isochlor) in the Deep Monitoring Well Horizon 62

Figure 2-10. Location of the Initial, Year 5, and Year 10 Hypersaline Interface in Model Layer 4 64

Figure 2-11. Location of the Initial, Year 5, and Year 10 Hypersaline Interface in Model Layer 9 65

Figure 2-12. Location of the Initial, Year 5, and Year 10 Hypersaline Interface in Model Layer 16 66

Figure 2-13. Endemic Range of Miami Cave Crayfish Divided into the Seven Units Used in the FWS Review 93

Appendix Tables 10

Table A-1. List of the Commenters, Affiliations, and Comment Source 143

Table B-1. Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation Correspondence with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 204

Table B-2. National Historic Preservation Act Correspondence 206

Table C-1. Environmental Review Correspondence 208

Table E-1. New and Revised 10 CFR Part 51 License Renewal Environmental Issues 219

Table E-2. Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Operation at Turkey Point Units 3 and 4 224

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