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Title page 1

Contents 5

Acknowledgements 4

Executive Summary 8

Introduction 12

1. The Vulnerability Spectrum 16

2. Participation - who is excluded from work 21

Pathways to promote participation for those out of labor force 23

Pathways to enable productive employment for active job seekers 25

Financial inclusion as an entry point for aspirational self-employers 27

3. Productivity - what jobs do displaced workers hold and who hires them 31

Who hires displaced workers and who does not? 35

Skills upgrading as a pathway to increased productivity and earnings 36

4. Matching - Why do workers and employers fail to connect? 42

Where employer-worker matches likely break down 43

Pathways to closing matching frictions 47

Appendix A. LEONA - sampling, survey design and key demographic distributions 50

Geographic coverage 51

Settlement types and location 53

Distribution of poverty and productive assets 54

Tables 18

Table 1. A spectrum of vulnerability among displaced groups 18

Table 2. Relationship between employment rate and access to public services for displaced individuals 24

Table 3. Demand for training programs across job seekers in the three groups 26

Table 4. Financial inclusion is an important driver of self-employment 27

Table 5. Frequency and end-uses of mobile money accounts among households that have such an account 29

Table 6. Top 10 sectors of employment 33

Table 7. Wage differentials across groups 33

Table 8.1. Top 10 activities most demanded by agricultural employers 35

Table 8.2. Top 10 activities most demanded by business owners 36

Table 9. Challenges associated with hiring displaced workers 38

Table 10. Demand for vocational training about the transitional group 40

Table 11. Preliminary effects of EORE programs on worker mobility 47

Figures 6

Figure i. The Participation-Productivity-Mismatches (PPM) framework to identify potential entry points 14

Figure 1. Population share of IDPs and returnees within states, regions and sub-regions 17

Figure 2. Population share exhibiting characteristics consistent with resilient solutions 17

Figure 3. Estimated populations by township by potential for livelihood or emergency interventions 19

Figure 4. Employment trends over the spectrum of vulnerability 21

Figure 5. Employment patterns by individual characteristics and over the vulnerability spectrum 22

Figure 6. Embedded human capital among individuals currently in NEET status 23

Figure 7. Main sectors of employment for willing job seekers 25

Figure 8. Embedded human capital among job seekers across the three groups 26

Figure 9. Financial access among groups 28

Figure 10. Type of employment by category 31

Figure 11. Socioeconomic profile of casual and self-employed workers 32

Figure 12. Casual wage distribution 33

Figure 13.1. Fraction of minimum wages on offer and share of workers across agricultural jobs 37

Figure 13.2. Fraction of minimum wages on offer and share of workers in non-agricultural jobs 37

Figure 14. The main challenge of matching displaced workers to prospective employers 42

Figure 15. Role of village heads in job matching 43

Figure 16. Mobility related challenges reported by workers and seekers in the transitional group 44

Figure 17. Wage expectation of seekers, wage received by workers and wages offered by employers 45

Figure 18. Documentation requirements to gain employment 46

Appendix Figures 6

Figure A.1. Coverage by Population Group at the Admin 3 Level 52

Figure A.2. Proportion of IDP and returnee household residing in displacement sites or camp-like settings 53

Figure A.3. Poverty distribution at the township level 54

Figure A.4. Distribution of productive assets 55

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