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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 6

Background 10

Federal Agency Roles in Combating Human Trafficking 11

Behavioral Health 14

Key HHS and DOJ Trafficking Programs Fund a Variety of Survivor Services, Including Behavioral Health Services 15

Key HHS Human Trafficking Survivor Assistance Programs 15

Key DOJ Human Trafficking Survivor Assistance Programs 19

HHS Followed Leading Practices to Assess Grant Programs' Performance; DOJ Followed Most but Not All Practices for its Adult Survivor Program 23

HHS Followed Leading Practices to Assess Grant Programs' Performance 23

DOJ Followed Most, but Not All, Leading Practices Assessing Grant Programs' Performance 28

Service Availability Among Factors that Can Affect Survivors' Access to Behavioral Health Services; Agencies Have Taken Steps to Improve Access 33

Factors That Can Affect Access to Behavioral Health Services for Survivors 34

HHS and DOJ Actions to Help Improve Access to Behavioral Health Services 40

Conclusions 42

Recommendation for Executive Action 43

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 43

Appendix I. HHS and DOJ Grant Programs that Fund Behavioral Health Services for Human Trafficking Survivors 46

Appendix II. Information about Selected Grantees 52

Appendix III. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Programs Supporting Human Trafficking Survivors 54

Appendix IV. Human Trafficking Survivors Served by HHS's Key Survivor Assistance Grant Programs 56

Appendix V. Human Trafficking Survivors Served by DOJ's Key Survivor Assistance Grant Programs 57

Appendix VI. Comments from the Department of Justice 59

Appendix VII. GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 61

Bibliography of Related Studies 62

Tables 4

Table 1. Key HHS Trafficking Survivor Assistance Programs and Grantees, Fiscal Year 2025 18

Table 2. Key DOJ Trafficking Survivor Assistance Programs and Grantees, Fiscal Year 2025 22

Table 3. Goals for Key HHS OTIP Human Trafficking Survivor Assistance Grant Programs, Fiscal Year 2025 25

Table 4. Goals for DOJ's Office for Victims of Crime's Key Human Trafficking Survivor Assistance Grant Programs, Fiscal Year 2025 30

Table 5. HHS's OTIP Grant Programs That Fund Behavioral Health Services for Human Trafficking Survivors, Fiscal Year 2025 47

Table 6. DOJ's OVC Grant Programs That Fund Behavioral Health Services for Human Trafficking Survivors, Fiscal Year 2025 49

Table 7. Characteristics of Selected Grantees 53

Table 8. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Grant Programs with Grantees That Reported Supporting Human... 54

Table 9. Types of Human Trafficking Survivors Served by Key HHS OTIP Survivor Assistance Grant Programs, Fiscal Year 2025 56

Table 10. Types of Human Trafficking Survivors Served by Key DOJ OVC Survivor Assistance Grant Programs, Fiscal Year 2025 57

Figures 4

Figure 1. Federal Agency Roles Combatting Human Trafficking 12

Figure 2. Departments of Health and Human Services' and Justice's Human Trafficking Protection Programs 13

Figure 3. Factors That Can Affect Access to Behavioral Health Services for Human Trafficking Survivors, Identified by Literature, and Selected... 34