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Title page 1

Contents 5

Abstract/Résumé 4

1. Introduction 7

2. How crime affects economic outcomes 8

3. Measuring crime 10

4. Crime trends across time and regions 12

4.1. Intentional homicides 13

4.2. Crimes related to drug trafficking 14

4.3. Money laundering 15

4.4. Cybercrime 16

5. Public spending on security and crime 18

6. A policy framework for crime reduction 20

7. What works: a review of crime reduction strategies 22

7.1. Control approaches: targeting resources for immediate impact 23

7.1.1. Offender-oriented strategies 24

7.1.2. Community-based strategies 25

7.2. Prevention strategies: investing in long-term safety 26

7.2.1. Social prevention 26

7.2.2. Situational prevention 27

7.3. Rehabilitation and reintegration: reducing recidivism 28

7.4. Anti cybercrime strategies 29

8. Conclusions 31

References 33

Annex A. Annexes 38

Annex 1. Selected studies on costs of crime 38

Annex 2. Crime developments across regions 39

Annex 3. Anti-crime policies by region 46

Annex 4. Inventory of successful policy approaches and interventions to address crime 48

Annex 5. Inventory of main cybercrime prevention efforts 51

References of international examples 52

Figures 5

Figure 1. Crime is a macroeconomic challenge 10

Figure 2. Homicide rates have trended up in the OECD 13

Figure 3. Evolution of crimes in OECD countries 14

Figure 4. Homicides in Latin America, selected countries 14

Figure 5. Drug trafficking offenses are increasing in OECD countries 15

Figure 6. Money laundering rates are increasing in OECD countries 16

Figure 7. Cybercrime is increasing across OECD countries 17

Figure 8. Government spending on public order and security is relatively stable 19

Figure 9. Security is a large part of spending in several OECD countries 19

Figure 10. The relationship between the level of spending and crime intensity is complex 20

Figure 11. The composition of public order and safety spending varies across countries 20

Figure 12. A framework for policies to reduce crime 22

Figure 13. OECD countries use a broad mix of strategies to reduce crime 23

Figure 14. Control strategies 24

Figure 15. Prevention policy strategies according to the focus of intervention 26

Figure 16. Rehabilitation policies according to the emphasis on victims or perpetrators 29

Figure 17. Most OECD countries have strengthened their cybersecurity frameworks over time 30

Figure 18. Cybersecurity governance has been strengthened across the OECD 30

Boxes 6

Box 1. Extortion, a growing threat in several OECD countries 12

Box 2. Hot spot policing in Japan 25

Box 3. The Perry Preschool Project 27

Annex Figures 39

Figure A2.1. Homicides in Western and Eastern Europe, selected countries 39

Figure A2.2. Homicides in Southern Europe, selected countries 39

Figure A2.3. Homicides in Northern Europe, selected countries 40

Figure A2.4. Homicide rates across different regions, selected countries 41

Figure A2.5. Evolution of persons held by drug trafficking, OECD countries 42

Figure A2.6. Change in the rate of persons arrested for drug trafficking across different regions, pre-pandemic and 2022 43

Figure A2.7. Evolution of money laundering rates, OECD countries 44

Figure A2.8. Change in the rate of money laundering across different regions, pre-pandemic and 2022 45

Figure A3.1. Control measures by type and region 46

Figure A3.2. Prevention initiatives by type and region 46

Figure A3.3. Rehabilitation and social reintegration strategies by type and region 47

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