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Title page 1

Contents 4

Acknowledgements 3

Executive summary 6

1. Introduction 8

2. Overview of the Colombian agriculture and cocoa sector 9

2.1. Colombian agriculture 9

2.2. Colombian cocoa sector 12

3. Government policy settings 17

3.1. Environmental policies 17

3.2. Agricultural policies 18

3.3. Trade policies 20

4. Trade-related drivers of environmental sustainability initiatives 21

4.1. Securing access to capital and finance 21

4.2. Maintaining and increasing access to export markets with high environmental standards 22

4.3. Securing supply chain partners 23

5. Categorisation of environmental sustainability initiatives 24

6. Review and comparison of environmental sustainability initiatives 25

6.1. Focus on information instruments 27

6.2. Environmental priorities and agroecological orientation 29

6.3. Environmental restoration and peacebuilding 30

6.4. Traceability as a systemic priority 32

6.5. Certification practices and market access 35

6.6. Economic incentives and climate finance 37

6.7. Capacity-building 37

6.8. National and International Stakeholder Collaboration 39

6.9. Performance monitoring and indicator systems 40

6.10. Financing cocoa sustainability initiatives 42

7. Key insights 43

7.1. Features 43

7.2. Challenges 45

7.2.1. Reaching the level of productivity required to consistently meet rising international demand while maintaining robust... 45

7.2.2. Bridging the gap between environmentally responsible practices already in place and their formal recognition through... 45

7.2.3. Consolidating and improving access to traceability systems 45

7.2.4. Colombia's cocoa sector is sector is predominantly composed of smallholder farmers, which adds a layer of complexity 46

7.3. Conclusion 47

References 48

Annex A. Government-led environmental sustainability initiatives 54

Annex B. Public-private environmental sustainability initiatives 57

Annex C. Private environmental sustainability initiatives 66

Annex D. Performance Indicator Categories 71

Tables 4

Table 2.1. Snapshot of Colombian agriculture and OECD averages, 2023 10

Table 2.2. Snapshot of the Colombian cocoa sector, 2023 14

Table 5.1. Categorisation of initiatives 24

Table 6.1. Overview of selected cocoa sustainability initiatives 25

Table 6.2. Environmental sustainability goals across cocoa initiatives in Colombia 30

Table 6.3. Geographic coverage of cocoa sustainability initiatives in Colombia 31

Table 6.4. Capacity-building strategies across cocoa sustainability initiatives 38

Table 6.5. Funding sources of initiatives 42

Figures 5

Figure 2.1. Agricultural GHG emissions by activity, 2018 10

Figure 2.2. Deforestation in Colombia, 2001-2024 11

Figure 2.3. Main Colombian cocoa producing departments in 2024 12

Figure 2.4. Cocoa supply chain in Colombia 13

Figure 2.5. Fine flavour cocoa market value 14

Figure 2.6. National vs. international cocoa prices, January 2016-July 2025 15

Figure 2.7. Colombian cocoa production, 2012-2024 15

Figure 2.8. Colombian cocoa export destinations, average 2019-23 16

Figure 2.9. Colombia chocolate export destinations, average 2019-23 16

Figure 3.1. Geographic distribution of Páramos and legally restricted agricultural areas 18

Figure 3.2. Composition of Colombia's Producer Support Estimate 19

Figure 3.3. Composition of Colombia's General Services Support Estimate 20

Figure 6.1. Timeline of the selected 14 cocoa sustainability initiatives in Colombia 27

Figure 6.2. Types of instruments identified in cocoa sustainability initiatives 27

Figure 6.3. Types of Measures Identified in Cocoa Sustainability Initiatives 28

Figure 6.4. Types of measures implemented by initiative 29

Figure 6.5. Geographic concentration of cocoa sustainability initiatives in Colombia 32

Figure 6.6. Traceability elements in sustainability initiatives in the cacao sector 33

Figure 6.7. Presence of verification and audit tools and traceability tools 33

Figure 6.8. Certification inclusion in cocoa sustainability initiatives 36

Figure 6.9. Certification Type identified in Cocoa Sustainability Initiatives 36

Figure 6.10. Governance of cocoa sustainability initiatives 40

Figure 6.11. Types of environmental sustainability indicators across initiatives 41

Figure 6.12. Verification of Performance across Initiatives 41

Boxes 5

Box 2.1. Cacao vs. cocoa 13

Box 4.1. Implications of the EUDR for Colombia's cocoa sector 23

Box 6.1. Developing measurement approaches 34

Box 7.1. Why RBC matters for cocoa value chains 46

Annex Tables 54

Table A A.1. Selected government environmental sustainability initiatives 54

Table A B.1. Selected public-private environmental sustainability initiatives 57

Table A C.1. Selected private environmental sustainability initiatives 66

Table A D.1. Performance Indicator Categories in Colombia's Cocoa Sustainability Initiatives 71

Annex Figures 65

Figure A B.1. Evolution of the collected revenue for the Fondo de Fomento Cacaotero 65

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