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Title page 1

Contents 1

What is the historical and cultural significance of the Columbia River for area Tribes? 2

How did the construction and operation of federal dams along the Columbia River affect Tribes? 2

How many Columbia River fishing access sites are there and what is the extent and nature of their use by Tribes? 4

Who administers the Columbia River fishing access sites? 5

What actions has Interior taken to assess the sanitation and safety conditions of Columbia River fishing access sites since 2020? 6

What actions has Interior taken to improve sanitation at Columbia River fishing access sites since 2020? 7

What actions has Interior taken to improve safety at the Columbia River fishing access sites since 2020? 9

How has Interior consulted with Columbia River Treaty Tribes to implement sanitation and safety improvements at Columbia River fishing access sites? 11

How has Interior coordinated with other entities to maintain the Columbia River fishing access sites and fund improvements? 11

What are Interior's future plans to address sanitation and safety at Columbia River fishing access sites? 12

What challenges exist implementing additional improvement projects at Columbia River fishing access sites? 13

Conclusions 16

Recommendations for Executive Action 16

Agency Comments 17

How GAO Did This Study 17

List of Addressees 18

GAO Contact Information 18

Appendix I. Timeline of Key Events and Relevant Laws Pertaining to the Development of Columbia River Fishing Access Sites 18

Appendix II. Categorization of Sanitation and Safety Projects in the 2022 Site Assessment Report 20

Appendix III. Estimated Costs for Sanitation and Safety Projects at Columbia River Fishing Access Sites, 2026-2029 22

Figures 2

Figure 1. Map of the Columbia River Basin 2

Figure 2. Celilo Falls Circa 1952, Before the Inundation by the Construction of the Dalles Dam 3

Figure 3. Columbia River Fishing Access Site Used to Mitigate Housing Insecurity 4

Figure 4. Timeline of Relevant Laws and Key Events Related to Columbia River Fishing Access Sites in Oregon and Washington 5

Figure 5. Funding Sources for Department of the Interior's Site Assessment and Safety and Sanitation Improvements at Columbia River Fishing... 7

Figure 6. Example of Existing Infrastructure That CRITFC Plans to Improve at the Lone Pine Fishing Access Site on the Columbia River 8

Figure 7. Examples of Fire Safety Hazards at Columbia River Fishing Access Sites 9

Figure 8. Examples of a Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fisheries Enforcement (CRITFE) Marine Patrol and of Vandalism at a Columbia River Fishing... 10

Figure 9. Timeline for Sanitation and Safety Projects at Columbia River Fishing Access Sites, 2026-2029 12

Figure 10. Examples of Fish-Cleaning Stations at Columbia River Fishing Access Sites in June 2025 13

Figure 11. Examples of Challenges Caused by Incomplete Profiles for Columbia River Fishing Access Sites in the Indian Affairs Facilities... 14

Appendix Tables 19

Table 1. Timeline of Key Events and Relevant Laws Related to Columbia River Fishing Access Sites 19

Table 2. Priority Rankings of Sites Based on the 2022 Site Assessment Project Report: Columbia River in-Lieu and Treaty Fishing Access Sites 20

Table 3. Categorization of Site Improvement Projects Recommended in the 2022 Site Assessment Project Report: Columbia River In-Lieu and... 21

Table 4. Overall Estimated Cost of Planned Projects at Columbia River Fishing Access Sites, 2026-2029 22