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Title page 1

Contents 7

Foreword 4

Acknowledgments 5

Editorial Preface 6

Introduction: From Building Integrity to Strengthening Good Governance 9

Part 1. The Corruption Challenge 14

1. The Impact of Corruption on Defence 15

2. Corruption as a Weapon in the Modern Hybrid-Influence Toolbox 24

3. The Impact of Human Rights Violations on Operations 35

Part 2. The Comprehensive Approach to Building Integrity 47

4. A Strategic Approach for Improving Defence Integrity: Legal, Ethical, and Governance Perspectives 48

5. The Evolution of NATO's Strategic Approach to Integrity and Good Governance in the Defence and Related Security Sector 61

6. NATO's Military Concept for Building Integrity in Operations 74

Part 3. Corruption Risks and Good Practices in Defence 84

7. Human Resource Management 85

8. From S.E.A.L. to SALE - The Importance of Human-Centric Military Career Transition for Diminishing Integrity Challenges in the Defence... 104

9. Risks: Budgeting and Financial Management 120

10. Integrity in Defence Procurement 129

11. Benefits and Risks of Military Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) 144

Part 4. Players in Building Integrity 152

12. Parliaments: Using the Power of the Purse in Tackling Defence Corruption 153

13. Anti-Corruption Agencies 167

14. Civil Society and Defence Institutions 178

Part 5. Organizing Building Integrity Initiatives 193

15. Mapping Corruption Risks 194

16. Building Integrity Programmes 207

Case Study: A Values Charter in the Luxembourg Armed Forces 218

Tables 90

Table 7.1. HRM Planning and the Risks for Building Integrity 90

Table 7.2. Job Descriptions and the Risks for Building Integrity 92

Table 7.3. Recruitment and Selection and the Risk for Building Integrity 94

Table 7.4. Performance Management and the Risks for Building Integrity 97

Table 7.5. Career Management and the Risks for Building Integrity 98

Table 7.6. Professional Development and the Risks for BI 100

Table 7.7. Disciplinary Management and the Risks for Building Integrity 102

Table 8.1. Elements of support offered by all, most, or some NATO members 112

Table 15.1. Assessing availability and effectiveness of currently applied risk mitigation measures 201

Table 16.1. Strategic objectives and performance measures - Stakeholders perspective 214

Figures 51

Figure 4.1. Foundations of the strategic approach to reducing defence corruption 51

Figure 4.2. Main defence management sub-systems 57

Figure 5.1. Implementation cycle of the NATO BI Self-Assessment and Peer Review Process 72

Figure 10.1. Defence acquisition process 134

Figure 14.1. NATO Member Scores on defence transparency and the civic space of defence 184

Figure 14.2. Defence transparency scorecard for NATO member countries 186

Figure 14.3. NATO member country scores on access to information 187

Figure 14.4. Civic Space of Defence scorecard for NATO member countries 188

Figure 14.5. NATO member country scores on the openness of defence institutions 189

Figure 14.6. NATO member country scores on defence debate and policy discussions 190

Figure 14.7. GDI scores on the prevalence of consultations in the defence sector 191

Figure 15.1. TRACE, A Guide to Corruption Risk Assessment and Risk Mapping (2021) 201

Figure 15.2. Procurement-related corruption risks 204

Figure 15.3. Corruption risks related to personnel management 205

Figure 16.1. BI process: Guidance, resources, outputs and outcomes 211

Figure 16.2. A Balanced Scorecard template for public organisations 213

Boxes 8

Box 2.1. Russia continues to use corruption to influence Ukraine's politics, undermine international support 29

Box 2.2. Russia uses corrupt networks to sway elections in Moldova 30

Box 2.3. Russia's Hybrid Influence in the Sahel 31

Box 3.1. The approach of NATO to preventing and responding to sexual exploitation and abuse 40

Box 3.2. Good practice: NATO policy for the protection of civilians 42

Box 4.1. Examples of corruption - "the misuse of public office for private gain" 51

Box 4.2. Examples of Enhancing Transparency Measures in Budgeting and Procurement 52

Box 4.3. Investments to Minimise Corruption 53

Box 4.4. Checks and Balances in Internal MoD Decision-making 58

Box 5.1. NATO BI Self-Assessment and Peer Review (NATO BI Process) 69

Box 6.1. Waste and Corruption in Supporting Local Forces and Economies: Examples from Afghanistan 78

Box 6.2. Impact of Corruption on Public Perceptions and the Desired End State 78

Box 7.1. Examples of HRM-related Corruption and Impact 87

Box 7.2. Example of good HRM practice: Selection of Public Servants in Albania 94

Box 7.3. Good HRM Practice: BITEC's e-Learning Training System in Ukraine 100

Box 7.4. Good HRM practice: Assessing the Risk of Corruption at Individual Work Posts 102

Box 8.1. Typical "good practices" in building military career transition system 106

Box 8.2. Health care provided to the U.S. eligible veterans 113

Box 8.3. The UK strategy for veterans 2018-2028 115

Box 8.4. Good practices in providing effective and honest military career transition 117

Box 10.1. Main Corruption Risks in Defence Procurement 131

Box 10.2. Integrity Principles of the Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development 132

Box 10.3. Impact of EU Procurement Directives on Integrity 133

Box 10.4. Speeding Up Drone Delivery 137

Box 10.5. Reforming Ukraine's Defence Procurement System 139

Box 10.6. The Role of CSOs in Strengthening Transparency in Defence Procurement 141

Box 11.1. Dutch Case Study 145

Box 11.2. Military Housing PPP Case Study 147

Box 12.1. Black budgets in the United States 156

Box 12.2. What does the term 'defence budget' stand for? 157

Box 12.3. Parliament involvement in budget formulation 161

Box 12.4. Methods to determine annual expenditures for a ministry 162

Box 12.5. What are the consequences of State Budget being a Law? 163

Box 13.1. Closing Down an ACA for Political Reasons: The Case of Portugal 171

Box 13.2. Examples of ACAs' Activities in the Defence and Security Sector 175

Box 15.1. Key Roles in Assessing Corruption Risks 198

Box 15.2. Risk Assessment Tool Impact: GDI 202

Box 16.1. Good Practices in BI design using the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina 211

Box 16.2. Proposed defence performance management framework 215

Box 16.3. Communication 216