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Title page 1

Contents 3

Acknowledgements 4

Introduction 5

Executive summary 7

Section 1. The policy context for the accession of Arab economies 12

Background 14

Overview of Arab economies in the WTO - original members, members that have acceded since 1995, and economies negotiating accession 21

Pre-accession assessment - political and economic context before the start of the accession process 23

Section 2. Main elements of the accession process and reforms upon accession 26

Overview of the accession process and outcomes 28

Challenges faced and solutions found throughout the accession process 42

Technical assistance and capacity-building needs during the accession process 46

Section 3. Post-accession impact assessment for members having acceded since 1995 50

Main post-accession challenges faced by Arab members which have acceded since 1995 52

Assessment of post-accession policy, regulatory, institutional and other reforms to improve the business environment 60

Assessment of economic performance since WTO accession by reviewing economic and trade aggregates 67

Section 4. Conclusion and way forward 72

How have Arab members that acceded to the WTO after 1995 benefitted from their membership and how can such benefits be enhanced going forward? 74

General implications for the accession of Arab economies 76

General recommendations for the accession process for the Arab region 77

General recommendations for the post-accession period for the Arab world 78

Development of technical assistance and support for WTO Arab acceding governments 80

References 87

Annex I: Questionnaire for Arab acceding governments 88

Annex II: Questionnaire for Arab members having acceded to the WTO after 1995 90

Annex III: Regression results for the effect of WTO accession on economic growth for Arab members having acceded after 1995 93

Abbreviations 94

Tables 15

Table 1. Logistics Performance Index for 2023 15

Table 2. Merchandise trade balance for selected Arab economies (US$ million, 2022) 17

Table 3. Global Innovation Index for selected Arab economies for 2024 20

Table 4. Highest-ranking Arab economies in the B2C E-commerce Index 2020 21

Table 5. Arab League countries; WTO members and those acceding 22

Table 6. Overview of the time taken for accession for Arab economies having acceded since 1995 32

Table 7. Summary of the accession process for five concluded Arab member accessions 35

Table 8. Accession documentation requirements 36

Table 9. Supplementary documentation required for accession 37

Table 10. Accession in numbers: completed accessions 38

Table 11. Tariff commitments for non-agricultural products for Arab members having joined the WTO since 1995 39

Table 12. Services-specific commitments for Arab members that joined the WTO after 1995 39

Table 13. Summary of accession market access outcomes on goods and services for Arab members that acceded after 1995 40

Table 14. Types and frequency of commitments of Arab members having joined after 1995 53

Table 15. Services-specific commitments for Arab members having acceded since 1995 55

Table 16. Regression results for the effect of WTO accession on economic growth for Arab members having acceded after 1995 93

Figures 19

Figure 1. Shares of Arab merchandise trade for 2023 19

Figure 2. The WTO accession process in brief 34

Figure 3. Frequency of commitments of Arab members having acceded after 1995 (excluding Comoros) 41

Figure 4. Change in GDP per capita of Arab economies relative to having joined prior to 1995 (GATT) or after 1995 (WTO) 68

Figure 5. Change in GDP per capita for Arab economies by member and WTO accession status 68

Figure 6. Merchandise trade for Arab members having acceded prior to 1995 (GATT) and after 1995 (WTO) 70

Figure 7. Trade in services for Arab members having acceded after 1995 (under Article XII) and before 1995 (non-Article XII) in US$ millions 70

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