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Title page 1

Contents 3

Highlights 2

Letter 5

Background 9

NWRS Appropriations 10

IRA Appropriations 10

FWS Organization and Key Activities 10

FWS Management of Grants and Cooperative Agreements 11

FWS Contracting 14

Workforce Actions by the Executive Branch 15

FWS Obligated Over 99 Percent of Its IRA Section 60302 Appropriations, Mostly Through Cooperative Agreements to Enhance Habitat and Infrastructure Resilience 16

FWS Obligated Over 99 Percent of Its IRA Section 60302 Appropriations, Primarily Through Cooperative Agreements and Grants to Partner Organizations 16

FWS Allotted IRA Section 60302 Appropriations Across Nine Projects 17

FWS Paused Expenditures for Cooperative Agreements and Grants for 3 Months and Paused Expenditures for Contracts for More Than a Year 23

FWS Used a New Approach to Select IRA Section 60302 Projects, Prioritizing Projects Where FWS Could Collaborate with Partners to Broaden Geographic Scope 26

FWS Used a New Collaborative Approach and Broad Criteria to Select Projects to Fund 26

FWS Prioritized Projects in Regions That Had Not Received Prior Supplemental Appropriations and Where FWS Could Expand the Geographic Scope of Its Work 30

FWS Funded Partners to Implement Project Activities and Used Standard Agency Policies and Procedures to Issue Financial Awards and Contracts 31

FWS Developed a Plan for Overseeing IRA Section 60302 Projects, but Has Not Assessed Progress Toward Meeting Objectives or Assessed Staffing Needs 33

FWS Developed an Implementation Plan for Overseeing Its Nine IRA Projects 33

FWS Has Not Developed Performance Goals to Measure Progress Toward Its Implementation Plan Objectives 35

FWS Has Not Assessed Its NWRS Staffing Needs for Conducting Oversight 39

Conclusions 41

Recommendations for Executive Action 42

Agency Comments 42

Appendix I: Timeline of Selected Workforce Actions by the Executive Branch 45

Appendix II: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 47

Tables 3

Table 1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), Section 60302, Obligations and Expenditures, as of April 1, 2026 17

Table 2. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, Section 60302, Allotments, Obligations, and Expenditures by Project,... 18

Table 3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, Section 60302, Project Descriptions 20

Table 4. Objectives in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Implementation and Internal Control Plan for Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) Appropriations 36

Table 5. Timeline of Selected Workforce Actions by the President, OMB, OPM, and the U.S. Department of the Interior Starting January 20, 2025 45

Figures 4

Figure 1. Geographic Distribution of the Uses of Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), Section 60302, Appropriations by the U.S. Fish and... 22

Figure 2. On-the-Ground Activities for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Projects Funded by Section 60302 of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 28

Figure 3. Before and After Photographs from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Prairie Pothole Region Landscape Conservation and Restoration Project 29