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Title page 1

Contents 3

Acknowledgments 2

Executive Summary 4

Introduction 6

Ecosystem-Level Challenges to U.S. Quantum Industrial Strength 9

Mapping the Structure of Quantum Supply Chains 14

Key Quantum Supply Chain Vulnerabilities and Recommendations 24

Conclusion 33

Appendix 36

Tables 10

Table 1. U.S. Government Quantum Information Science R&D Investments by Budget Category, FY 2019-2024 10

Table 2. Layers of the Quantum Technology Stack 15

Table 3. Quantum Hardware Modalities Differ in Their Enabling-Technology Dependencies 16

Table 4. Categories of Quantum Supply Chain Vulnerability at the Input Level 22

Table 5. A Portfolio Approach to Strengthening U.S. Quantum Supply Chains 35

Figures 23

Figure 1. U.S. Quantum Supply Chains Are Heterogeneous Across Hardware Modalities, Enabling Technology Dependencies, and Vulnerability Categories 23

Appendix Tables 37

Table A1. Key Vulnerabilities in Photonic and Optical Components and Related Recommendations 37

Table A2. Key Vulnerabilities in Cryogenic Systems and Related Recommendations 38