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Title page 1

Contents 3

NOTE OF GRATITUDE 4

INTRODUCTION 5

RATIONALE FOR THE REVIEW 6

The right to adequate housing 7

Recognizing the right to housing in Canadian courts 9

The right to housing and the human rights of Indigenous Peoples 9

A human rights-based approach to encampments 11

Existing human rights guidance 12

WHAT WE HEARD ABOUT THE HOMELESSNESS CRISIS 13

Barriers to secure housing 13

Inadequate emergency shelters 15

Indigenous Peoples and the homelessness crisis 16

Inadequate program funding for community services 18

The need for human rights-based action and more accountability 18

WHAT WE HEARD ABOUT ENCAMPMENTS 20

Encampment evictions and clearances 20

Violence and stigma increase isolation and risk of harm 21

Safety and security risks in encampments alongside peer support 23

Gendered experiences in encampments 24

Unmet basic needs of encampment residents 25

Absence of services and supports 26

PROMISING MUNICIPAL PRACTICES 27

The Saskatoon fire department's people first approach 27

Housing as healthcare in London, Ontario 28

Supporting encampment residents in Halifax, Nova Scotia 29

Respecting charter rights in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario 29

A collaborative, housing first approach at Dufferin Grove Park in Toronto 30

DEFINING POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 31

Solutions are urgently needed 31

What we heard about solutions 32

CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS 39

ENDNOTES 39