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Title page 1

Contents 5

Abstract/Résumé 4

1. Introduction 7

2. Non-compete clauses and productivity 9

3. Data 10

3.1. Non-compete survey data 11

3.2. Firm-level data 14

3.3. Additional data sources 14

4. Empirical methodology 15

4.1. Channel #1: Productivity-enhancing labour reallocation 15

4.2. Channel #2: Knowledge diffusion 16

5. Empirical results 17

5.1. Baseline results 17

5.1.1. Non-disclosure and no-poaching agreements 20

5.1.2. Additional robustness tests 21

5.2. Non-compete regulation 22

6. Aggregate productivity implications 25

7. Concluding remarks and policy discussion 29

References 31

Annex A. Data 35

Annex B. Additional results from empirical analysis 41

Tables 5

Table 1. Non-compete prevalence and labour reallocation 18

Table 2. Non-compete prevalence and catch-up growth 20

Table 3. Results by non-compete regulation 23

Figures 5

Figure 1. Workers report meaningful effects on job mobility and business entry 13

Figure 2. Non-compete clauses are associated with weaker productivity-enhancing labour reallocation 19

Figure 3. The negative associations between non-compete clauses, reallocation and catch-up growth are more pronounced in countries... 24

Figure 4. Aggregate productivity effects of non-compete clauses 28

Boxes 6

Box 1. Non-compete clauses and business entry 12

Box 2. Computation of aggregate productivity effects 26

Annex Tables 5

Table A.1. Number of observations per country in OECD-Bocconi surveys of non-compete and related clauses 37

Table A.2. Summary statistics of main variables used in the empirical analysis 39

Table B.1. Non-compete prevalence and labour reallocation, robustness to time period and fixed effect structure 41

Table B.2. Non-compete prevalence and labour reallocation, robustness to sample of firms used 41

Table B.3. Non-compete prevalence and labour reallocation, controlling for labour market characteristics 42

Table B.4. Non-compete prevalence and catch-up growth, robustness to time period and fixed effect structure 43

Table B.5. Non-compete prevalence and catch-up growth, robustness to firm size cut-off 43

Table B.6. Non-compete prevalence and catch-up growth, controlling for labour market characteristics 44

Table B.7. Aggregate productivity effect of non-compete clauses, baseline estimates 45

Table B.8. Aggregate productivity effect of non-compete clauses, alternative estimates 45

Annex Figures 5

Figure A.1. The OECD index of non-compete regulation 40

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