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Title page 1

Contents 6

Abstract 4

Acknowledgements 5

Executive summary 7

1. Benefits and trade-offs of tree and forest management on agricultural land 9

Environmental importance of forests 9

Environmental benefits and trade-offs of integrating tree and forest management into agriculture 11

2. Agriculture and tree cover trends: Historical trends 15

3. Policies intersecting agriculture and forests 17

Policy trends and goals 17

Payment rates 18

4. Policy directions to enhance the effectiveness of tree and forest planting efforts 21

Aligning socio-economic incentives 21

Ensuring long-term benefits (permanence) 24

Availability of forest reproductive materials and planting practices 24

5. Conclusion 26

References 27

Notes 36

Figures 6

Figure 1. Land cover classes associated with agriculture and forestry in OECD Member countries are now stable 15

Figure 2. Drivers of tree cover loss since 2000, OECD and non-OECD Member countries 16

Figure 3. The last decade has seen a substantial rise in mitigation policies promoting tree and forest planting on agricultural land 17

Figure 4. Large scale land-use change and afforestation projects receive the highest payments per hectare 19

Figure 5. Most agricultural tree and forest planting and management policies are administered by agricultural and agriculture-related ministries 19

Boxes 6

Box 1. Definitions 10